Drosophila Systemic By Modulating Hormonal -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Drosophila Systemic By Modulating Hormonal? Answer: Introduction The common trait of the gut is the association and alignment with a number of benign and other beneficial microorganisms. Studies have shown that the influence of the microorganism is great and has impacts on changing the physiology and the digestive morphology, (Vu, H. T. L. et al 2013). Studies undertaken show that some of the gnotobiotic animals with relevant genome tools can have an impact on the extent of the activity of management diversity and functionality within the gut system, (Robinson, Bohaman Young , 2010). Acetobacteria has been utilised as a main component in the manufacture of vinegar. In the fermentation process, it is used to make wines and ciders which yield acetic acid vinegar. Acetic acid bacteria have been grouped as gram negative and positive bacteria within the proteo bacteria which are normally isolated from the natural sites including foods which have been fermented. Since its discovery in 1898, (Cox Gilmore, 2007), there are several genera which have been recognized which include several species. In the vinegar industry for instance, the instabilities associated with acetic acid bacteria have shown to produce tolerable acetic acid with often most financial factors. In the manufacturing sector, vinegar has often been used to produce and tolerate acetic acid and is often critical factor in establishing its stability. Instabilities of fermented products have been studied and recognised, (Storelli et al., 2011). Animal gut have shown the ability of absorbing and utilizing nutrient uptake and harbouring the large and complex dynamic groups and other substances, which often participate in degradation and various groups and substances. Gut bacteria can be regulated on the host with regard to its nutrients and protection against the pathogens. Acetobacteria has been utilised in various fermented drinks. A drink referred to as Kombucha is a fermented product which is gaining popularity to the belief that the bacteria, fungi and their metabolites improve gut health. Member of the Acetobacter are part of the microbial consortia used in Kombucha fermentation however it is not known if Acetobacter can survive the stomach and become a resident of the intestinal flora. Thus in this study we are going to experiment if acetobacteria can survive in the human gut. Thus in this experiment, hypothesis proposed are; Hypothesis: Treatment of Acetobacter in pH 3.5 for 40 min will result in fewer CFU/mL than 40 mins treatment of Acetobacter in pH 5.5 Null hypothesis: Treatment of Acetobacter in pH 3.5 will lead to the same number of CFU/mL as 40 min treatment of Acetobacter in pH 5.5 Procedure The acetobacteria culture were isolated from the Kombucha drink, and incubated in bottles and the culture spread in GYC medium containing glucose, yeast and calcium carbonate. Colonies having higher accounting were segregated. Acetobacteria are distinguished from the family of the acid production. The selected colonies from the GYC were transferred to brain heart fusion broth to achieve OD600 of 0.5. Inoculums smaller sizes were cultured in medium acetic acid production. Acetic acid was estimated using mls of the culture being mixed with approximately 15 Ml of distilled water. Drops of phenolphthalein indicator were used. The solution then titrated against N of NaOH, and then the volume of acetic acid calculated as follows, Acetic acid(g/100ml) =Volume of NaOH(ml)used in titration0.0320. In order to indentify the acetobacteria , tests were performed in order to identify the acetobacteria species. Catalyze production of the glucose and ketogenesis was performed. Nitrate reduction was tested from the nitrate peptone pH 7.0: peptone, 10 g; KNO3, 2 g) . Further tests were performed using biochemical identification followed by molecular methods to validate the data obtained thereby. The independent variable in the experiment is the pH treatment, while the controlled variable is the Temperature of 300C, exposure/incubation period, Glucose/Mannitol Yeast peptone agar. While confounding variables are presence of new bacteria growth due to contamination of the Acetobacter culture. The Negative Control is the Acetobacter with pH of 5.5. Number of colony forming units (CFU/mL) for Acetobacter Thursday 11.01.18 Dilution PH 3.5 plates count CFU/mL PH 5.5 plates count CFU/mL 10-3 4/2 0 13/12 0 10-4 0/0 0 3/0 0 10-5 0/0 0 0 0 Second attempt of the experiment) Number of colony forming units (CFU/mL) for Acetobacter Tuesday 16.01.18 Dilution PH 3.5 plates count CFU/mL PH 5.5 plates count CFU/mL 10-2 TNTC/TNTC TNTC/TNTC 0 10-3 28/46 220 32/63 0 10-4 8/6 180 23/9 0 10-5 0/0 120 3/3 10-6 7/5 100 0/0 Discussion Results show that there is higher concentration of colony forming units in the experiment subjected to pH of 3.5. This is affected with the fact that the Ph condition is favourable to enable the growth of the bacteria. Hence, allowing them to culture. The culturing process entails proper mixing and following the right procedure of ensuring that the right experimental process is needed. The results in this experiment showed that in the first attempt, we did yield little results as there were fewer colonies in the culture plate. However in the second attempt, the results were positive. These can attribute to effective experimental procedure undertaken in the lab. Bacteria have always been considered as harmful, however, there a millions in the gut that can survive and have been referred to as gut flora. They are essential in maintaining healthy bodies. The bacteria can have symbiotic relationships by feeding on the food we eat and offer synthesis for the many food groups available. Beneficial bacteria often have stable colony which prevents other pathogens from thriving. Bacteria help in controlling inflammations and maintaining cell integrity in the digestive system. Bacteria are essential in ensuring g control of the Ph of the stomach. Healthy flora often stimulates growth of cells and metabolizing them into forms and certain mutagens, (Gullo et al., 2006). With effective beneficial bacteria, there exist stable colonies which prevent other non relevant pathogens from thriving. Healthy gut flora is essential in maintaining the immune system by acting on the stimulation of growth cells and immune cells, thus crucial in metabolizing foods and activating certain mutagens, (Minot et al., 2012). However in the daily environment lots of factors often disrupt the survival of acetobacteria in the gut. Stress inflammations and endocrine disrupting chemicals component often disrupt the growth of bacteria and affect intestinal lining. The gut is estimated to be one cell think with closely packed cells. When the cells are injured, they often swell and create holes in the lining of the gut which creates an inflammation of the gut causing a leaky condition making hard for bacetrias such as acetobacteria to survive, (Parfrey, Walters Knight, 2011). Interestingly studies have often linked acetic acid bacteria having significant role in ensuring production of human activities. The Acetobacteraceae has been known to be adaptable in various conditions. They exist as obligate aerobes and they are unable to oxidize ethanol, sugars and polyalcohol, which leads to huge accumulation of the corresponding oxidation products, (Yakushi Matsushita, 2010). The commercial ability has been exploited in the manufacture of products such as the Kombucha. Tea, (4Kersters et al., 2006). Influential factors on acetobaceria have often been in the culture medium composition, temperature environment and the outlining conditions. With stable conditions acetobacteria can survive in the gut. The acidophilic nature of the bacteria enables it to survive and adapt itself in the stomachs, keeping their internal pH neutral,(Nakano Fukaya, 2008). This enables denaturing of proteins however acetobacteria has modifications in its proteins and have acidic environments. In a study conducted on a microbiology showed that more than 50 specialized proteins have evolved to be stable in acidic conditions. These adaptations have shown to be beneficial to humans, (Matsushita Toyama Adachi, 2004). Conclusion Acetobacteria are large group of the obligate aerobic gram negative bacteria which has the ability to oxidize ethanol and acetic acid. They are widely distributed in the habitats and classified into the family Acetobacteraceae. These bacteria are useful in industrial production of fermented products such as Kombucha tea. Acetic acid bacteria utilize glucoses, ethanol and lactate for the energy requirements, thus making it to survive in the gut. The adaptive pH conditions often exhibited have shown to have an impact in the survival in the gut system. Thus the results of the study show that there is high number of colony forming units at the Ph of 3.5 compared to 5.5 thus accepting the null hypothesis and rejecting the alternate hypothesis. References Cox, C.R. and Gilmore, M.S., 2007. Native microbial colonization of Drosophila melanogaster and its use as a model of Enterococcus faecalis pathogenesis. Infection and immunity, 75(4), pp.1565-1576. Gullo, M., Caggia, C., De Vero, L. and Giudici, P., 2006. Characterization of acetic acid bacteria in traditional balsamic vinegar. International Journal of Food psychology, 106(2), pp.209-212. Kersters, K., Lisdiyanti, P., Komagata, K. and Swings, J., 2006. The family acetobacteraceae: the genera acetobacter, acidomonas, asaia, gluconacetobacter, gluconobacter, and kozakia. In The prokaryotes (pp. 163-200). Springer New York. Matsushita, K., Toyama, H. and Adachi, O., 2004. Respiratory chains in acetic acid bacteria: Membrane-bound periplasmic sugar and alcohol respirations. Respiration in Archaea and Bacteria, 2, pp.81-99. Minot, S., Grunberg, S., Wu, G.D., Lewis, J.D. and Bushman, F.D., 2012. Hypervariable loci in the human gut virome. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(10), pp.3962-3966. Nakano, S. and Fukaya, M., 2008. Analysis of proteins responsive to acetic acid in Acetobacter: molecular mechanisms conferring acetic acid resistance in acetic acid bacteria. International journal of food microbiology, 125(1), pp.54-59. Parfrey, L.W., Walters, W.A. and Knight, R., 2011. Microbial eukaryotes in the human microbiome: ecology, evolution, and future directions. Frontiers in microbiology, 2. Robinson, C.J., Bohannan, B.J. and Young, V.B., 2010. From structure to function: the ecology of host-associated microbial communities. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 74(3), pp.453-476. Storelli, G., Defaye, A., Erkosar, B., Hols, P., Royet, J. and Leulier, F., 2011. Lactobacillus plantarum promotes Drosophila systemic growth by management hormonal signals through TOR-dependent nutrient sensing. Cell metabolism, 14(3), pp.403-414. Vu, H.T.L., Yukphan, P., Chaipitakchonlatarn, W., Malimas, T., Muramatsu, Y., Bui, U.T.T., Tanasupawat, S., Duong, K.C., Nakagawa, Y., Pham, H.T. and Yamada, Y., 2013. Nguyenibacter vanlangensis gen. nov., sp. nov., an unusual acetic acid bacterium in the -Proteobacteria. The Journal of general and applied microbiology, 59(2), pp.153-166. Yakushi, T. and Matsushita, K., 2010. Alcohol dehydrogenase of acetic acid bacteria: structure, mode of action, and applications in biotechnology. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 86(5), pp.1257-1265.