Trials And Tribulations Of Charles Dickens ( His L Essay Example For Students

Trials And Tribulations Of Charles Dickens ( His L Essay ife Works)It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other wayin short, the period was so. (Bibliomania Online)The Victorian era, 1837-1901,was an era of several unsettling social developments that forced writers more than ever before to take positions on the immediate issues animating the rest of society. Although romantic forms of expression in poetry and prose continued to dominate English literature throughout much of the century, the attention of many writers was directed, sometimes passionately, to such issues as the growth of English democracy, the education of the masses, the progress of industrial enterprise and the c onsequent rise of a materialistic philosophy, and the plight of the newly industrialized worker. In addition, the unsettling of religious belief by new advances in science, particularly the theory of evolution and the historical study of the Bible, drew other writers away from the immemorial subjects of literature into considerations of problems of faith and truth. Charles Dickens is the most widely read Victorian novelist. Dickens appealed to social consciousness to overcome social misery. His immense popularity gave importance to his attacks on the abuses of the law-courts and of schools whose object was not the education of the children but the enrichment of the proprietors. Through Dickens Literature he questioned authority, examined the lives of the undistinguised individuals, and he challenged the idea that mone can by happiness. As bella Wilfer Says in Our mutual friend society given over to the pursuit of money, money, money, and what money can make of life. (Smith 78)Born i n Portsmouth, England, on February 7, 1812, the second of John and Elizabeth Dickenss eight children, Charles was raised with the assumption that he would receive an education and, if he worked hard, might some day come to live at Gads Hill Place, the finest house on the main road between Rochester and Gravesend (Smith 196). John Dickens, on whom Mr. Micawber is based, moved the family to London in 1823, fell into financial disaster, was arrested for debt and imprisoned in the Marshalsea Debtors Prison ( Kaplan 109). Charles was forced to go to work at Warrens Blacking Factory at Hungerford Stairs labeling bottles. In his Life of Charles Dickens, John Forster shares the fragment of Dickenss autobiography upon which David Copperfields Murdstone and Grinby experiences are based: It is wonderful to me how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age. It is wonderful to me, that, even after my descent into the poor little drudge I had been since we came to London, no one had com passion on me a child of singular abilities, quick, eager, delicate, and soon hurt, bodily or mentally to suggest that something might have been spared, as certainly it might have been, to place me at any common school. Our friends, I take it, were tired out. No one made any sign. My father and mother were quite satisfied. They could hardly have been more so, if I had been twenty years of age, distinguished at a grammar-school, and going to Cambridge. ( Ackroyd, 388) Dickens himself did not know how long this ordeal lasted, whether for a year, or much more, or less; surely it must have seemed as if it would last forever to this sensitive twelve-year-old boy and it so seared his psyche that Dickens the man never until I impart it to this paper a full quarter century later, in any burst of confidence to anyone, my own wife not excepted, raised the curtain I then dropped, thank God. (Ackroyd, 388)Dickens was able to continue his education after his father received a legacy from a rel ative and was released from the Marshalsea. Charles attended Wellington House Academy from 1824 to 1826 before taking work as a clerk in Grays Inn for two years. In order to qualify himself to become a newspaper parliamentary reporter, Dickens spent eighteen months studying shorthand, a perfect command of which was equal in difficulty to the mastery of six languages, he was cautioned, and studying in the reading room of the British Museum. He won a reputation for his quickness and accuracy during his two years (1828-1830) as a reporter in the court of Doctors Commons before reporting for the True Sun and the Mirror Parliament and finally becoming a reporter for the Morning Chronicle in 1834 (Ayer, 55). We will write a custom essay on Trials And Tribulations Of Charles Dickens ( His L specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Dickenss first published piece appeared in the December, 1833, number of the Monthly Magazine, followed by nine others, the last two appearing over the signature Boz, a pseudonym Dickens adopted from a pet name for his younger brother (Ackroyd 98). These sketches were collected into two volumes and published on Dickenss twenty-fourth birthday, February 7, 1836, as Sketches by Boz. Illustrative of Everyday Life and Everyday People. Dickenss skills as an observant reporter intimately familiar with middle and lower class London are demonstrated in these descriptive vignettes of everyday life, which also reveal his high humor and his deep concern for social justice, qualities that will dominate his novels (Charles Online). Dickens married Catherine Hogarth, daughter of George Hogarth, with whom Dickens worked on the Morning Chronicle . Catherine and Charles had ten children before they separated in 1858. Mary Hogarth, Catherines beautiful younger sister, joined the Dickens household shortly after the honeymoon. Marys death, at seventeen years of age, in Dickenss arms established in his mind an image of ideal womanhood that never left him. The ring he took from Marys dead finger remained on his hand until his own death (Ayer 83). The introduction of Sam Weller into the fourth number of Pickwick Papers (1836-37) launched the most popular literary career in the history of the language. Pickwick Papers became a publishing phenomenon, selling forty thousand copies of every issue. Published in twenty monthly installments, Pickwick took England by storm: Judges read it on the bench, doctors in the carriages between visiting patients, boys on the street. Carlyle tells Forster the story of a clergyman who, after consoling a sick person, was alarmed to hear the patient exclaim, upon the clergymans leaving the sickroom, Well, Thank God, Pickwick will be out in ten days anyway! People named their pet animals after characters in the novel; there were Pickwick hats, cigars, and coats, and innumerable plays and sequels based on the original (Smith 102). The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club chronicle the amusing misadventures of Mr. Pickwick, a lovable innocent who seeks to discover the world with his youthful compani ons, parodies of the lover, the sportsman, and the poet. While the Papers begin as a hilarious romp parodying the eighteenth-century novels Dickens had pored over as a child, they eventually assume a shape rising to the mythic level of great literature. Pickwicks education, under the guidance of Sam Weller, his streetwise, Cockney manservant, leads him to the discovery of the world of shyster lawyers, guile, corruption, vice, and imprisonment. The comic exuberance of Pickwick dominates this dark underside, though, and the sheer energy and wonderful good humor of the Papers carries the sunny day. There are, however, the Interpolated Tales of madness, betrayal, and murder, and Mr. Pickwick is forced to become a prisoner in his own room in the Fleet, for three months. The horrors young Charles Dickens had witnessed as a boy working in the blacking warehouse while his father was imprisoned for debt in the Marshalsea are not eliminated from Pickwicks world; indeed, his awareness of their existence is what allows Mr. Pickwick to become a fully loving, if finally not fully effective human being, who, with Sams help, can see reality and relieve evilto the best of his limited abilities (Ackroyd 184). Even as Pickwick Papers was enjoying its huge success, Dickens started Oliver Twist; or The Parish Boys Progress in January, 1837; it continued in monthly numbers through 1838. In Oliver , Dickens explores the social evils attendant upon a political economy that made pauperism the rule rather than the exception. Oliver flees the cruel Sowerbys where he is apprenticed as an undertaker, having been sold to them by the workhouse for daring to ask for more food, love, nutrition, warmth and seeks his fortune in the criminal slum world of London proper. Befriended by the irrepressible Artful Dodger, he discovers warmth and good humor in Fagins den, among thieves, pickpockets, prostitutes, and burglars. Dickens presents an unrelenting portrait of the filth and squalor that surround poverty and, refusing to romanticize the criminal world, at the same time makes it clear that this sector has been abandoned by society just as surely as Oliver and the other Parish Boys have been abandoned by an unresponsive system. This is the world the young Dickens saw at the blacking warehouse (Smith 88). The contrasting world of the Brownlows and the Maylies may serve to rescue Oliver from the corruption of Fagin and the brutality of Sikes, but the other boys in Fagins gangwho have been nurtured better by Fagin than Olivers fellows had been in the workhousewill remain abandoned. Rose Maylie, Dickenss first resurrection of Mary Hogarth, is discovered to be Olivers aunt and Oliver is returned to her through Nancys intervention, When Bill Sikes learns of Nancys betrayal of him and the gang, Dickens has Sikes brutally murder her. Dickenss almost compulsive public reading of the death of Nancy some thirty years laterreadings that shortened his own lifeseems an insistent reminder to his public that this problem has not been successfully addressed. The social system has victimized Nancy and Sikes just as surely as the Poor Law has failed Oliver. There may be Brownlows and Maylies who can intervene individually and occasionallyand miraculouslyin the lives of some Olivers, but the masses of s creaming mobs hot in pursuit of Sikes for the murder of Nancy need to know how those destructive forces can be reversed. Sikes has been as brutalized by that society as Nancy has been by him. Dickenss novels seek to help us understand this and to do something about it, as a society (Charles Online). Upon completing Barnaby Rudge Dickens visited America where he was absolutely lionized. However, after several attacks on him for his insistent speaking out in favor of international copyright laws and after further acquaintance with American ill breeding and overly familiar intrusion on his and Catherines privacy, Dickens became disenchanted with his own vision of America as a land of freedom that was fulfilling a democratic ideal. In American Notes (1842) he expresses his reservations about America, much to the chagrin of his American audience (World Book CD-ROM). With The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit , Dickens returned to monthly numbers publishing in twenty installments f rom January, 1843, to July, 1844. Martin Chuzzlewit is organized around the theme of selfishness, and marks an advance in Dickenss development as a novelist. However, sales dropped off to twenty thousand; in an effort to increase sales, Dickens sends Martin to America where Martin discovers the boorish behavior Dickens had only gently portrayed in American Notes . If Dickens is scathing in his portrayal of America in Chuzzlewit, he is even fiercer in exposing greed, selfishness, hypocrisy, and corruption in his homeland. He is able to sustain this satiric exposure with his comic genius, creating here characters who have achieved a reality beyond their pages. Sairey Gamp is no less real for us than Mrs. Harris is for her, and Pecksniffs name has entered the language as descriptive of hypocritical benevolence. In December, 1843, Dickens published the most popular and beloved of his works, A Christmas Carol, a work that expresses succinctly his Carol philosophy. Scrooge has sacrificed joy, love, and beauty for the pursuit of money and is representative of a society whose economic philosophy dooms the less fortunate to lives of want and oppression. The ghosts help him to a Wordsworthian recollection of youth and the promise of a better being, and as a result, Scrooges imagination is extended sympathetically beyond himself and he is redeemed. Dickenss vision of a society redeemed through love and generosity will haunt his works from now on. The alternative to this vision seems to be the threat of revolutionary violence we see in Brandy Rudge (Ackroyd 144). Dickens traveled to Italy in 1844-45 and then to Switzerland and Paris in 1846. His next Christmas book, The Chimes (1844), continued the assault on the economic philosophy exposed in A Christmas Carol. Dickens ridicules Malthusian philosophy and the economic theory that the poor have no right to anything beyond meager subsistence. He is coming increasingly to believe that the social problems in England are an in evitable byproduct of an economic philosophy that is fundamentally wrong-minded. The Cricket and the Hearth (1845) and The Battle of Life (1846) continue the Christmas books, and Pictures from Italy (1846) recounts Dickenss impressions of his Italian travel. It is such trips as these that Dickens thrived on, because in his novels Dickens Examined the common man. This analysis can be shown in Oliver Twist, in that Oliver was the average person trying to stay alive while living in such poverty (World Book). .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .postImageUrl , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:hover , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:visited , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:active { border:0!important; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:active , .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204 .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua8481ac16d401a1d6cd76d91c32a2204:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The metaphors of africa EssayThe importance of memory once again becomes central to Dickenss next Christmas book, The Haunted Man and the Ghosts Bargain (1848), the tale of a man who gets his wish to lose all memory of sorrow at the expense of losing the attendant sensibility that comes with the loss of memory. It is at this time that Dickens is writing the autobiographical fragment he shares with Forster and which he mined for his most autobiographical novel, The Personal History of David Copperfield , published in twenty monthly installments from May, 1849, to November, 1850, the last issue being a double number. David Copperfield opens with David, the narrator, indicati ng that the pages of his book must show whether he will turn out to be the hero of his own life. After overcoming the brutal experiences based on Dickenss own experience at the blacking warehouse, David eventually marries, sets up household, establishes a growing reputation as a novelist, and yet discovers a vague unhappy loss or want of something in his life. He wonders if this unhappiness is the result of his having given in to the first mistaken impulse of an undisciplined heart by marrying his child-wife, or if it is representative of the human condition. He does know it would have been better if his wife could have helped me more, and shared the many thoughts to which I had no partner; and that this might have been; I knew. (Ayer, 93) Dickens was himself experiencing a similar sense of vague dissatisfaction at this time and may have wondered if his wife were not partly responsible. Whether she was or whether Dickens was experiencing the angst that every major Victorian thinker suffered from we cannot know. Davids problem is settled by Doras early death and Davids recognition that Agnes has loved him all along and that on a level he was not aware of he had loved her too. They marry, have a lovely family, and share a fulfilled existence ( Smith 72). The novel ends with Davids apostrophe to his true wife: Oh Agnes, Oh my soul, so may thy face be by me when I close my life indeed; so may I, when the shadows which I now dismiss, still find thee near me, pointing upward! In his Preface to the novel, Dickens talks about dismissing some portion of himself into the shadowy world as he finishes David Copperfield. Both Dickens and David equate the world of vision with the world of actualityone is as impermanent as the other. For David, Agnes is pointing to a world he hopes lasts beyond the worlds of shadow. In 1842, Dickens had written to Forster in response to the overwhelming triumph of his welcome in Boston: I feel, in the best aspects of this welcome, something of the presence and influence of that spirit which directs my life, and through a heavy sorrow has pointed upward with unchanging finger for more than four years past. He is referring, of course, to Mary Hogarth (Ackroyd 188). The world David is born into is flawed. He experiences the evil of the world, deeply at Murdstone and Grinbys, and escapes it. In his adult world he participates in the evil, contributes to it, unwittingly, as when he introduces Steerforth to the Peggottys and brings ruin upon that innocent house. He feels responsible for Doras death, the loss of Emly, Steerforth, and Ham. But in the end he is able, with Agness help, to put his universe back together. He has been involved in a struggle, with his undisciplined heart on the one hand, with active evil in the form of Uriah Heep on the other. Agnes tells David that she believes simple love and truth will prevail over evil in the end. It will, for Dickens, only if goodness has the measure of evil and if good people are willing to use their creative energy to work hard to realize that goodness. The evil that David experienced as a child on the streets of London sharpened his wits so that, for example, David is able to catch Uriah staring at him while pretending to write, on their first encounter. And as a result of Davids experience on the streets, he has the help of Mr. Micawber in defeating Uriah in his scheme to take over the Wickfield firm, indeed to take over the world of the novel. Davids first-hand experience with the evil streets of London as a boy gives him the knowledge and wherewithal to take the measure of evil. His imaginative creativity, inspired by Agnes, allows him to order his universe. The very powers that allow David Copperfield to succeed as hero are the powers that allow Dickens to create David Copperfield . He will extend those powers beyond the world of the novel to continue to address the evils of a social system that is oppressive and life denying. Dickens extended his capacity to address social issues and to provide entertainment by founding Household Words , a weekly magazine that first appeared on March 30, 1850, and continued until he replaced it with All the Year Round , which he founded and edited in 1859. In 1850 he also helped to establish the Guild of Literature and Art to create an endowment for struggling artists. Money was raised for the Guild through amateur theatrical performances that Dickens usually performed in, directed, and managed. Dickens was a brilliant actor and loved the stage, producing plays throughout his career as fund raisers for the many charitable concerns he worked tirelessly to support. His love for the theater culminated in his captivating public readings from his own novels ( World Book 153). Bleak House , appearing in twenty monthly installments from March, 1852, to September, 1853, is a scathing indictment of government, law, philanthropy, religion, and society in nineteenth century England. The organizing principle of the plot is the hopelessly entangled lawsuit of Jarndyce and Jarndyce, which destroys the lives of all who become enmeshed in the Court of Chancery through the suit. The legal system is exposed as itself a symptom of what is wrong with a society that is structurally flawed. The mud, ooze, slime, and fog that symbolically dominate the world of this novel suggest that this society cannot be redeemed through a simple restructuring. The spontaneous combustion of Krook, the counterpart of the Lord Chancellor, indicates that this society must be fundamentally altered or it will explode of its own internal corruption. Jo, the crossing sweep, has neither the energy nor the tools to sweep away the mud and slime into which the slum of Tom-all-Alones is crumbling. A nd Tom-all-Alones is infecting all of London, just as surely as Jos smallpox infects the novels heroine, Esther Summerson. If this society is to be redeemed, Dickens insists, it will be through the values represented by Esther Summerson. Jos broom cannot sweep away the mud of Tom-all-Alones, but the clarity and warmth of Esthers sympathetic love may be capable, if it becomes contagious, of illuminating this world and dissipating the fog. Esther and Allan Woodcourt, the physician who attends Jo at his death, marry, and we believe that their family can contain, in miniature, the order and love that must be transmitted to the larger society if it is to be saved. But Dickens is not sure, at this point, if what Esther and Allan represent can withstand the evils of London: they set up household in a country cottage, provided by the benevolent John Jarndyce, Esthers guardian (Ayer 79). The Crimean War, which broke out in March, 1854, prevented the government from addressing the domestic social ills Dickens had been railing against since at least as early as Oliver Twist. The inept government, which cannot seem to get beyond just muddling along, is captured brilliantly in the portrayal of the Circumlocution Office in Little Dorrit , published in monthly numbers from December, 1855, to June, 1857. The dominant symbol of the novel is imprisonment, and society itself becomes the prison of its inhabitants. Dickens had begun the novel, significantly, with the title Nobodys Fault in mind, but later entitled the work after its heroine, Amy Dorrit. Amy is the daughter of the Father of the Marshalsea, who has been confined in debtors prison for twenty five years. Arthur Clennam, whose gloomy childhood resembles what David Copperfields would have been had he been raised by the Murdstones, is a middle-aged man looking for meaning in life. Clennam and Little Dorrit escape the i mprisonment of this stultifying society by discovering their love for each other, a love that is difficult to discover since Arthur is so much older than Amy and she has the goodness, and physical resemblance, of a child. Importantly for Dickens, Arthur and Amy are willing to engage the fallen society of London and to attempt to change it. After their wedding Arthur and Amy went quietly down into the roaring streets, inseparable and blessed; and as they passed along in sunshine and shade, the noisy and the eager, and the arrogant and the froward and the vain, fretted, and chafed, and made their usual uproar. Unlike Esther Summerson and her husband, Arthur and Amy stay in London where they live a modest life of usefulness and happiness. (Kaplan 174)On April 30, 1859, Dickens launched the weekly journal, All the Year Round . To get the journal off to a good start, the first installment of A Tale of Two Cities appeared in the inaugural issue and continued in weekly installments until N ovember 26, 1859. Set in the time of the French Revolution, this novel once again looks at the potential for revolutionary violence Dickens had explored in Barnaby Rudge . If the ruling class in England does not take seriously the lesson of the French Revolution, Dickens appears to be saying, such a violent outburst is possible again. While Dickens deplores violence, his sympathies are clearly with the victims of oppression. Only the kind of sacrificial love represented by Sydney Cartons willing sacrifice of himself for his loved ones will be able to prevent such a revolution if society continues along its present course In an effort to pick up declining sales of All the Year Round , Dickens once again published a novel in weekly installments of the journal. Great Expectations ran from December 1, 1860, to August 3, 1861. Dickens and Catherine had recently separated after over twenty years of marriage. Perhaps in an attempt to come to terms with his personal unhappiness, Dickens ret urns to the first person narrator in Great Expectations. To assure that he did not fall into unconscious repetition as he wrote this story of a hero to be a boy-child, like David, he reread David Copperfield (World Book CD-ROM)In Our Mutual Friend, published in twenty installments from May, 1864, to November, 1865, Dickens makes still another advance in his artistic vision. Dominated by the dust heaps and the spiritual wasteland they symbolize, the vision of this novel suggests that we must die to ourselves if we are to be redeemed, and society must forego material pursuits if it is to become spiritually and culturally whole. The recurrent theme of death and resurrection indicates Dickenss developing understanding of the meaning of personal fulfillment that he explores in earlier novels, particularly in David Copperfield and Great Expectations ( Smith 193). Our Mutual Friend ends with Mortimer Lightwood, who feels that, like Dickens, he has the eyes of Europe upon him as he tells hi s stories at the Veneerings dinner parties, seeking the true voice of society while he reports the story of Eugene and Lizzie. He discovers it in Twemlow, who knows what it means to act nobly. Dickens must himself have been wondering about the voice of society with regard to his personal situation, and probably with Mortimers perspective. Neither Dickens nor Mortimer participates directly in the happiness of those they tell stories about. But they share the vision and take joy in seeing the results of the stories and the effects those stories have on their audiences (Ackroyd 195). .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .postImageUrl , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:hover , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:visited , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:active { border:0!important; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:active , .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175 .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13dc3348e4449e2766a342254fcf8175:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Poverty Point Culture EssayDickens died June 9, 1870, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. In a letter to Forster, Carlyle sends his condolences: I am profoundly sorry for you and indeed for myself and for us all. It is an event world-wide; a unique of talents suddenly extinct; and has eclipsed, we too may say, the harmless gaiety of nations. No death since 1866 the year of Carlyles wifes death has fallen on me with such a stroke. No literary mans hitherto ever did. The good, the gentle, high-gifted, ever-friendly, noble Dickens, every inch of him an Honest Man. ( Ackroyd 215)One of the predominant themes in the novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens is a comparison between a persons natural personality and code of ethics and the nurtured code instilled in the person through his or her experience with family or society. This is a very important matter in that it profoundly affects a persons character. The strong effects of a persons upbringing are demonstrated by Estella. Estella is, by nature, a very caring person. She develops a relationship with Pip and, on more than one occasion, blatantly warns him of the danger of his pursuing her. She, therefore, is obviously very concerned for Pip. However, there is another side to Estella. Miss Havisham took Estella in at a very young age and, still embittered by her experience with her former fiancee, determined that she would use Estella as her weapon against mankind. She, therefore, molded Estella into a cruel, cold, and unemotional person through years of training. The contrast between Estellas kind and caring side and her cruel and heartless side, imposed upon her by Miss Havisham, provides the co mparison of nature and nurture. The same type of contrasting personality develops in Pip as he works toward being a gentleman of Londons high society. Pip, at the beginning of the novel, has a strong conscience and a good sense of right and wrong. However, as the novel progresses and Pip becomes educated and becomes the beneficiary of great wealth, the effects of the nurturing of society and the values of society begin to show in his personality. He who had once been so happy with Joe and Biddy was now ashamed to know them. Pips experience in London taught him that the way to achieve personal happiness and satisfaction was to try to increase ones own wealth and status, regardless of how the actions he takes in attempting to ascertain this objective might affect others. Therefore, selfishness and egotism are often characteristics that result from the nurture of society, as is the case with both Estella and Pip. To be sure, the evil characteristics of Estellas personality were a resul t of Miss Havishams selfish desire to use Estella to serve as her weapon to get back at all men. As for Pip, he continually hurts Joe with no hesitation believing that he must do so in order to gain the respect of the elite of society. Again, the obvious contrast between Pips original sense of morality and his self-centered personality during the time of his expectations provide a contrast between the effects of nature and nurture. The greatest difference between these two influences is their manner for gaining happiness. Nature teaches Pip and Estella to serve others. It is clear at the end of the novel that neither one of these characters gained satisfaction by hurting others; furthermore, Pips only true source of happiness for the duration of his expectations was his service to Herbert. Nature, however, teaches that happiness is achieved through serving ones self. This side advocates the use of deceit, manipulation, oppression, and back-stabbing in order to help ones self. Such i s the attitude of Pumblechook and Miss Havisham (previous to her conversion). They often deceive and manipulate others in order to gain what they want. Though they are both successful, it is apparent that neither one of them is happy. In this novel, Dickens demonstrates that the only way to successfully attain self-satisfaction and happiness is to follow the course of nature and help others. Pip, who was never happy during the time of his expectations though he had wealth, achieves his happiness at the end of the novel by reverting to his nature and becoming a moral, caring, and helpful person whose greatest concern was to make others happy. One of the most interesting and mysterious themes in Great Expectations is infatuation and how it compares and relates to love. Infatuation, which is really nothing but a big crush or obsession, is often termed as false love. This is so because when a person has feelings of infatuation, he or she usually thinks they are in love. In all reality, he or she is only experiencing a new excitement of seeing what it is like to have feelings for another, even if those feelings are only of physical attraction. That is why infatuation tends to be much more frequent with younger people than for older people. Young people are experiencing feelings for the first time and really do not know what all of their feelings mean. They do not know how deep the feelings are, how long they will last, or if the feelings are for all of the right reasons. Older people have feelings just like younger people, but they also have old feelings to compare their new feelings with. The feelings they experienced in th e past can be used to compare the present feelings they have and therefore make it easier to determine if their present feelings are of love or infatuation. Younger people must experience feelings with many other people before they can conclude whether or not their feelings are of love. As Pip shows in the novel, a person can be infatuated with another and then later on fall in love with them. Pip felt infatuation towards Estella for most of the book. Towards the end however, he indicated his love for her when he expressed his concern over her marrying Drummle. This act shows love because although Pip realized he could not marry Estella, he wanted someone to marry her who would treat her like a queen. This was out of his love. If he had still been infatuated, he still would have been against Estella marrying Drummle, but only out of jealousy. Overall, infatuation is really a good thing. It provides experience for people to grow and learn about what kind of qualities they cherish and what kind of people they like to spend time with. If a person is infatuated and then finds out that the person they were infatuated with has a quality they do not like, it could teach a moral lesson about how the inside of a person is frequently more important than the outside. Infatuation is therefore a tool to the overall growth and development of a human being. It leads us to discover our feelings and ultimately, love. Bondage is one of the most significant themes within Great Expectations. Bondage is a state of slavery or servitude in which ones freedom to choose or act is limited by some force. In the case of Great Expectations this binding force is both external and internal. Internal bondage is the state of being bound only by ones personal attitudes, beliefs, and ideals. External bondage, on the other hand, is a constrainment by something externally, usually another character. However, it can be said that characters are not bound specifically to other characters, but rather to their own self-delusions regarding the other characters and their environments. In Great Expectations, Pip is the prime example of bondage. He is bound externally to Estella, Miss Havisham, and later Magwitch. Internally, he is bound by his shame, guilt, fear, pride, and his expectations. Remarkably, all of these forms of bondage are inter-related or are sources of each other. For example, Pips bondage to Estella through his infatuation lead to both his heightened sense of shame and desire for expectations. His shame in turn leads him to seek gentility and fulfill his expectations to become a gentleman. Ultimately, his expectations distilled a sense of pride within him that was the source of all further bondage. It was his pride that allowed him to envision Miss Havisham as his benefactor and all the other poor dreams. Thus, he became bound to Miss Havisham as the source of his wealth and expectations. Bondage, moreover, both internal and external, is the result of the same influences: fear, shame, guilt, and pride. Externally, for example, Pips fear and guilt a llowed him to become bound to Magwitch. He feared being responsible for the capture and subsequent death of Magwitch so much that he allowed himself to become bound to him as his protector. Internally, Pips shame and pride kept him from going back to the forge and to good, simple Joe. Pip demonstrated that bondage can only be lifted by the truth. The truth is not easy to come by, however, as reason alone and the logic of others cannot reveal it to the heart of an individual. Constantly, Biddy revealed the truth to an unaccepting Pip. Pride must be first eradicated before the truth can be accepted. In most cases, as was the case with Pip, pride can only be diminished through profound suffering. Only when Pip was naked of all pride could he realize the truth and, thus, free himselfDickens, our greatest storyteller, may not have discovered the personal happiness in his own marriage that Eugene and John Harmon, the Pip and David of his last completed novel, achieve, but in the end he ac hieves personal fulfillment through his art. David realizes, in the life of his novel, what Dickens saw represented in Mary Hogarth, and what was not attainable in his own life. That Dickenss own fulfillment is in creating the vision rather than attaining it here may be explained in part by the fact that Dickens is an artist and in part by the kind of artist he is. According to Forster, Not his genius only, but his whole nature, was too exclusively made up of sympathy for, and with, the real in its most intense form, to be sufficiently provided against failure in the realities around him. There was for him no city of the mind against outward ills, for inner consolation and shelter. It was in and from the actual he still stretched forward to find the freedom and satisfaction of an ideal, and by his very attempts to escape the world he was driven back into the thick of it. But what he would have sought there, it supplies to none; and to get the infinite out of anything so finite, has broken many a stout heart. Dickens has shown us how the real can more nearly approximate his vision of the ideal through his novels. In his later years he told those stories in brilliant public readings from his novels in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, and in America, where people stood all night in lines one half mile long to purchase tickets to see him perform.

Existentialism in Art Cinema essays

Existentialism in Art Cinema essays The chaos in your soul will give birth to a dancing star. Friedrich Nietzsche. Bergmans 1966 film Persona, is surrounded by as much speculation and deliberation as an early Bunuel or Lynch film. Part of the fun, it seems, when approached by a film as difficult and turgid as Persona, is theorizing and guessing at its intended meaning. I shant live under the pretense that I follow every gesture, every visual utterance and expression Bergman has invested in his film, on the contrary, as I embarked on the films journey- on Bergmans journey, I found myself amongst the impossibly speculative; the searchers of meaning ; those in dire need, it seems, to justify the film to themselves- or themselves to the film, as it were. And so, I shall put to rest here whatever desperate message I may have extracted from the film. Duality, I feel, is the key to the stubborn door of the film, once this is addressed in its entirety, other seemingly abstract motifs, suddenly concur and become apparent. The characters of Alma and Elizabeth, must be viewed as one being. Like a coin; Alma is tails or conscious one, Elizabeth; heads, or conscious second. Neither can truly see the other for they face, like the coin, constantly outwards. Their perceptions of the world are so alien to each other, that nothing can be truly shared in dialogue. They merely exist as one. Elizabeths silence is a byproduct of this hopeless realization - that truth can never truly be obtained because as one, they st...

Culture's influence on basic psychological processes Assignment

Culture's influence on basic psychological processes - Assignment Example The community does not consider this practice as a risk to life because they perceive it as a safe culture. Other communities’ maybe perceive canoes as unsafe and primitive to use in an ocean, but to Pulawat island community it is their way of life. Their brains cognitive and perpetual abilities see this as the best way to tackle the problem of crossing to the main land. Culture differs depending on the geographical location and the environment and what is right to one community maybe wrong to another. The Americans are used to cross from the island to the mainland using motor boats which are manufactured in their industries. Pulawat community has, on several times, been challenged to adapt the use of modern boats without success. This shows that culture persists for a long period of time and it takes long time to change (Westen, 12). Until recently, the Pulawat island community has slowly started to adapt modern engine boats because they have been influenced by American culture that canoes are not safe. The community has been highly influenced but in the absence of this influence the community would have continued sticking to their canoes. This implies that an ethnocentric view of culture can have an influence on another community’s culture. In conclusion, cultures are influenced by psychological functions which are coordinated by human brain. Ethnocentric views of one culture can inflict fear to another causing cultural change. Fear is a brain function that in turn influences change of culture. Thus, culture is influenced by psychological functions such as

Herb Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Herb Comparison - Essay Example The dried extract of the root is recommended to be taken once in the morning at a dose rate of 0.5-2 gm. For its multifarious health benefits (WHO). For a preparation to be considered standardized, it should satisfy numerous purity criteria and freedom from contaminants which are described in the WHO monograph on the herb (WHO). Commercially available preparations (e.g. Korean Panax ginseng) however claim to contain 80% of the active ingredient which are recommended to be used at a dose rate of 2 capsules two times a day (Web, undated). The manufacturer eulogizes the health benefits of the preparation but does not elaborate upon the manufacturing process, which may or may not be GMP certified. Price, depending upon quality and source of the plant extract varies from $ 8.50 to $ 19.95 per ounce (Web). 200 mg. per day dose of a standardized ginseng preparation has been shown to provide equivalent health benefits as 1200 mg. per day of a non-standardized extract (Leigh, 2001). 2. Gingko : Gingko leaf extract has wide popularity in its usage as a memory enhancer and blood circulation improving herb (Ehrlich, 2009).

Radiofrequency catheter ablation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Radiofrequency catheter ablation - Case Study Example His medication history suggested that he was initially placed on amiodarone for his problems; however, it led to significant side effects of hypothyroidism and gastrointestinal upset. These could have implications on his baseline cardiac disease, and hence it was decided that he be weaned off the medicine, and about 3 months back, he was placed on bisoprolol 2.5 mg in case of tachycardia. He continued to drive for another half an hour and at 1300 hours, when he came back home, he took a 2.5 mg tablet of bisoprolol. From his experience of similar attacks, he found that at this time, the heart beats were taking a longer time to normalise, and in fact, they did not normalise at all, although were slowing. He had previous episodes of atrial fibrillation and had been cardioverted for three occasions in the past. He could recognise that this time, he was not feeling like he had an atrial fibrillation. Thus he was brought in an ambulance to the emergency department. His past medical history is significant for having had rheumatic fever at his age of 12 which was complicated by questionable mild aortic valve incompetence. He was diagnosed with atrial fibrillation for which he was cardioverted in three occasions. In the year 1984, he was diagnosed with Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome. ... He is on thyroxine 120 mg once daily and warfarin 8 mg daily as a prophylactic. His family history is positive strongly for stroke. He is a company director for sales; he is a teetotaler and does not smoke cigarettes. On examination, he looks well with vitals as charted, The mechanical heart click is audible on cardiac auscultation. His chest is clear. Abdomen is soft and nontender. ECG appears to have p waves, demonstrated short PR interval and appearance of delta waves. The treatment plan as decided was to have a Cardiology review. He would be placed on a cardiac monitor. Routine blood needs to be done with a chest X-ray. IV access would be established. This approach has been supported by studies and reports. The impression at this point in time was Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) with now slowing tachycardia. The best course of events would be to repeat an electrophysiological study (EPS) followed by a cardio ablation of the accessory pathway. In this assignment, the underlying basic sciences linking his WPW syndrome, EPS, and ablation will be discussed based on the available evidence from literature. Discussion Cardiac Conduction In all striated muscle cells, muscle contraction is triggered by a phenomenon of rapid voltage change. This is called an action potential. Action potentials occur on the cell membrane. However, action potentials on cardiac muscle cells differ considerably from those arising from the skeletal muscle cells. These differences are important since cardiac contraction has autonomous rhythmic excitation demanded by the physiology, and in normal circumstances this is involuntary. There are three important pathways that promote such synchronous rhythmic

Earthquake In Japan Causes The Tsunami Engineering Essay

Earthquake In Japan Causes The Tsunami Engineering Essay ABSTRACT Earthquake in Japan causes the tsunami happen near the Fukushima nuclear power station on 11th March 2011 shocked of the world. All reactors that have ceased operations automatically as soon as tremors detected. Electric system failure and also shake the reactor cooling system causing an unprecedented explosion in the Fukushima station. Hydrogen explosion occurred at Reactor Buildings that contain atoms known as radioactive hazardous. Radioactive began to spread around the station as far as 20 km to 30 km. due to the Japanese government had warned residents and also advice on the surrounding area to circulate to the area far from the radioactive. In a further report will inform industrial process and operation, impact of the Fukushima nuclear disaster to the society, Ecology, Sociology, health and actions also rates Taken by Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO), http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Fukushima_I_NPP_1975_medium_crop_rotated_labeled.jpg/220px-Fukushima_I_NPP_1975_medium_crop_rotated_labeled.jpg Introduction The Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant, nuclear power plant located on a 3.5-square-kilometre (860-acre) in the towns of Okuma and Futaba in the Futaba District of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan (Tohoku offshore in the Pacific). First commissioned in 1971, the plant consists of six boiling water reactors (BWR). These light water reactors drove electrical generators with a combined power of 4.7 GWe, making Fukushima Daiichi one of the 15 largest nuclear power stations in the world. Fukushima I was the first nuclear plant to be designed, constructed and run in conjunction with General Electric, Boise, and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) This earthquake is the mega thrust earthquake of magnitude 9.0 undersea (Mw) which originates in Japan offshore epicenter located about 70 kilometers (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula Tohoku with a depth of about 32 km (20 bt) in the sea. This is the most powerful earthquake known to have hit the Japanese, and one of the strongest earthquake in the world since modern record-keeping beginning in 1900. This earthquake has triggered a monster tsunami that reached a height of 40.5 meters (133 ft) in Miyako, Iwate of the Tohoku Region, and swept inland as far as 10 km (6 mi) inland in the Sendai area. This earthquake has turned the island of Honshu 2.4 m (8 ft) to the east as well as tilting the Earth on its axis by 10 cm (4 in.) to 25 cm (10 in). According to TEPCO reports a total of 37 with physical injuries, 2 workers taken to hospital with radiation burns. After the interrogation is no person or employee of the station die struck radiation. Some problems also arise in Fukushima Daini station, which houses four (4) reactors, Unit No. 1, 2, 3 and 4. Four units at Fukushima Daini station is operated in the period 1982-1987, and all is well BWR. Four units are also in operation during the occurrence of two earthquakes, and all operations will stop automatically when the vibration is detected. Although the earthquake and tsunami did not affect the structure of the reactor building in all units. Serious incident occurred at Units 1, 2 and 3 of the Fukushima Daiichi as the results of the external power stations are required reactor cooling pool and nuclear fuel storage. by power outage outdoor, emergency generators began operating. Once the tank is washed diesel generator by the tsunami generator fails to operate because then stopped by cooling the reactor system. Sample of nuclear operation When all three cooling system is not operating, the pressure increase in the reactor without control. The high pressure is caused by the boiling water in the reactor has been the absence of an emergency cooling system, and which also contain rates of hydrogen gas generated from the reaction of steam and dangerous radiation in the core reactor. The hydrogen gas occurs when water molecules (H2O) lost due to radiation, to produce hydrogen and oxygen. As a result of the opening of the valve element extract cesium (cesium) that released radioactivity was detected first reactor and around Fukushima Daiichi station. This explosion of a building external hydrogen scheme does not affect the primary containment structure (primary containment) and the secondary reactor (secondary containment). Therefore, more serious radioactive leak has been avoided, but part of the nuclear fuel in the reactor core melting was suspected (partial melt-down). Therefore, the Prime Minister of Japan has expanded evacuation orders to 10 kilometers of Fukushima Daini station. Injection of seawater mixed with boric acid into the reactor Unit 1 at Fukushima Daiichi March 12, 2011, and continued until now. Boric acid intended to absorb neutrons in nuclear reactions in the reactor so that it can be stopped continue to achieve cold shutdown (cold shut-down) form. Overview The earthquake and tsunami 11th March 2011 natural disasters that shocked the whole world. Fukushima nuclear accident in the past year was characterized as a man-made disaster and not simply due to the tsunami, according to a Japanese parliamentary panel in a final report on the disaster. String from the tsunami happened was an unexpected event involving nuclear reactors causing hydrogen gas explosion in the reactor building. The disaster that struck Japans Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station on March 11, 2011, caused the most extensive release of radioactivity the destruction at Fukushima was initiated by natural disasters a huge earthquake and tsunami rather than equipment failure and human error. The tsunami knocked out backup power systems that were needed to cool the reactors at the plant, causing several of them to undergo fuel melting, hydrogen explosions, and radioactive releases. Studies of the Fukushima disaster have identified design changes, response actions, and other safety improvements that could have reduced or eliminated the amount of radioactivity released from the plant. As a result, Fukushima has prompted a re-examination of nuclear plant safety requirements around the world, including the United States. Identifies whether the Fukushima nuclear disaster is natural or man-made. Clearly explain your justification. In investigations of the Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation said the Japanese government and TEPCO say that failing to prevent the disaster is not as large tsunami is not expected, but because they refuse to invest time, effort and money in protecting against natural disasters is considered impossible. The panel system is not enough to blame the law for managing the nuclear crisis, crisis chaos, direction caused by the government and TEPCO, and excessive intervention possible in the Prime Ministers office in the early stages of the crisis. Panel also said that cultural complacency about nuclear safety and poor crisis management led to a nuclear disaster. With the Fukushima nuclear accident last year has been characterized as a man-made disaster and not simply due to the tsunami, according to Japanese parliamentary panel in its final report on the disaster. By TEPCO mentioned, the size of the earthquake and tsunami exceeded expectations and can not be predicted to be the main cause of the problem. Japanese Prime Minister apologized to the Fukushima nuclear crisis in the country. Industrial process and operation of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant Unit 1 is a 439 MW boiling water reactor (BWR3) was built in July 1967. Began producing commercial electricity March 26, 1971, and was scheduled to close in March, 2011.Ia damaged during Sendai earthquake and 2011 tsunami. The reactor has a high level of safety and earthquake atom when made, but now both old and outdated. No one knows how bad the earthquake could occur in Japan. Unit 1 is designed for peak ground motion earthquake shakes acceleration of 0.18 g (1.74 m/s2) and seismic response spectra based on Kern County earthquake 1952. All units were inspected after the 1978 Miyagi earthquake when the ground acceleration seismic 0.125 g (1.22 m/s2) for 30 seconds, but no damage to the critical parts of the reactor has been found. And fukushima daiichi unit 2, 3, and 4 is a 784 MW boiling water reactor (BWR). But was commercial operation on July 1974(unit 2), Mac 1976(unit 3), and October 1978(unit 4) Impact of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant disaster From the survey we found that Radiation from Japans Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster may eventually cause anywhere from 15 to 1,300 deaths and from 24 to 2,500 cases of cancer, mostly in Japan, Stanford researchers have calculated. Estimates have a large uncertainty, but the contrast with earlier claims that radioactive emission is unlikely to cause serious health effects. The numbers are in addition to the 600 deaths caused by the evacuation of the area around the nuclear plant immediately after, March 2011 earthquake and tsunami crisis. In March 2011, Japanese officials announced that radioactive iodie-131 exceeding safety limits for infants had been detected in 18 water treatments plants in Tokyo and other provinces. As in July 2011, the Japanese government has been able to contain the spread the radioactive material into the nations food. Radioactive material has been detected in variety of outcomes, including spinach, tea leaves, milk, fish, and meat, up to 200 kilometres from the nuclear plant. In the 12 kilometre evacuation zone around the plant, all farming was abandoned The Fukushima Daiichi meltdown was the most extensive nuclear disaster since Chernobyl. Radiation release critically contaminated a dead zone of several hundred square kilometres around the plant, and low levels of radioactive material were found as far as North America and Europe. But the most of the radioactivity was dumped in the Pacific, only 19 percent of the released material was deposits over land and keeping the exposed population relatively small. There are groups of people who have said there would be no effects. A month after the disaster, the head of the United Nations science committee on the effects of atomic radiation, for example, predicted that there would be no serious public health consequences resulting from the radiation Outline the actions taken by (TEPCO), government and the regulatory body during the occurrence of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. Catastrophic Tohoku earthquake and tsunami on March 11, 2011 resulting humanitarian crisis and a devastating economic impact. The tragedy of 300,000 residents forced to leave their homes in the tohoku region, in addition to the lack of food, water, shelter, medicine and fuel for survivors. To address the crisis, the Japanese government move him self defense forces, while many countries sent search and rescue teams to japan to help search for survivors. Aid organizations in and outside japan also responded, especially the Japanese Red Cross society branches that reported donations of $ 1 billion. Prime Minister Kan visited the plant for a briefing on 12 March. He had been quoted in the press calling for calm and minimizing exaggerated reports of danger. Kan met with Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) on 15 March and lamented the lack of information. According to press accounts, he asked, what the hell is going on? Secretary of Government Yukio Edano stated around 18 March, We could have moved a little quicker in assessing the situation. The Japanese government asked the United States to provide cooling equipment to the plant. As of 15 march, the U.S had provided 3,265 kilograms (7,200 lb) of special equipment, a fire truck to help monitor and assess the situation at the plant. The French nuclear accident reponse organization Groupe INTRA shipped some of its radiation-hardened mobile robot equipment to japan to help with the nuclear accident. At least 130 tonnes of equipment has been shipped to japan. Japan request that Russia send landysh, a floating water decontamination facility originally built with Japanese funding and intended for decommissioning nuclear submarines. After advocates building more reactors, Prime Minister Naoto Kan took increasingly anti-nuclear stance in the months following the Fukushima disaster. In May, he ordered the aging Hamaoka Nuclear Power Plant be closed over earthquake and tsunami fears, and said he would freeze plans to build new reactors Former chiefs of key nuclear safety commissions and government agencies hav apologized for overlooking important nuclear safety concerns. The Japanese government has admitted it failed to keep records of key meetings during the Fukushima nuclear crisis. Such detailed notes are considered a key component of disaster management Effective preventive action to be strengthen by TEPCO Quite a number of issues exist, which need highly specialized nuclear knowledge over a wide range for solving technical and nuclear engineering problems concerning the emergency responses to the accident at TEPCO Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS, and the then-available disaster preparedness by the government, TEPCO and other organizations. These issues should be reviewed and resolved, results being shaped into concrete actions, through competent knowledge by stakeholders in nuclear power generation. In doing so, they should sincerely take into consideration the recommendations the Investigation. Committee has made and they should do so with accountability to society for its process and results. TEPCO has been pursuing the reduction of risks of nuclear disasters from various perspectives. However, as summarized in the Main Report, almost all functions of the facilities that were expected to operate for accident response were lost in this accident due to the effect of the tsunami which was an unprecedented scale. Since the frameworks and procedure manual for accident response were developed on the premise of using such facilities, responses at the field were forced to adapt to the sudden change of circumstances and they became extremely difficult. As a result, TEPCO was unable to prevent the reactor core damage, which the company regrets deeply. After actually encountering this tsunami, TEPCO now sincerely reflects upon its lack of sufficient prior preparedness, and is determined to steadily put in place countermeasures that are compiled in the Main Report based upon the lessons learned this time. Conclusion In conclusion I would like to propose some recommendation and awareness regarding this Fukushima daiichi nuclear disaster matter: For reforming the crisis management system for a nuclear disaster. Learning from the experience as a result of the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPS, the crisis management system for a nuclear disaster should be urgently reformed, in which the nuclear emergency response manual should be revised assuming an occurrence of a complex disaster combining an earthquake/tsunami disaster and a nuclear accident. In its reforming process, the strengthening of response capabilities of off-site centers, which are supposed to serve as the base for response during a nuclear emergency (hereafter simply referred to as off-site centers), is needed. In addition, it is also required to build a crisis management system by examining how to respond to a situation which a Local Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters cannot handle by convening personnel from relevant emergency response bodies. for the nuclear emergency response headquarters -The emergency response headquarters should, in general, be located close to the accident site where the relevant information is easy to obtain in a nuclear emergency, and the activities at the accident site are easy to grasp. To promptly collect accurate information is, needless to say, the fundamental principle in a nuclear emergency. The government emergency response headquarters should be set up in a way which enables the government people access to the necessary information while staying in government facilities like the Prime Ministers Office, without moving to the nuclear operators head office. For the roles of the prefectural government in nuclear emergency responses. -In a nuclear disaster, the prefectural government should take a responsible role in front, because the damage can extend to a regional size. The nuclear disaster prevention plan should take this point into account. for improving radiation monitoring operations -To ensure that the monitoring system does not fail at critical moments, and to ensure the collection of data and other functions, the system should be designed against various possible events, including not only an earthquake but also a tsunami, storm surge, flood, sediment disasters, volcanic eruptions and gale force winds. Measures should be taken to prevent the system from functional failures even in a complex disaster simultaneously involving two or more such events. Furthermore, measures should be developed to facilitate the relocation of monitoring vehicles and their patrols even in a situation where an earthquake has damaged roads. -Training sessions and other learning opportunities should be enhanced to raise awareness of the functions and importance of the monitoring system among competent authorities and personnel. http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_T%C5%8Dhoku_2011 http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/07/120717084900.htm http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akibat_gempa_bumi_dan_tsunami_T%C5%8Dhoku_2011 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_reaction_to_Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster http://icanps.go.jp/eng/SaishyuRecommendation.pdf

Roswell Crash Government Coverup :: essays research papers

Phenomena of the Roswell crash in 1947 July 8, is one the most famous incidences in our time, the reason we have computers, mobile phones, night vision goggles and Kevlar armor. All this was made possible within one year of the Roswell crash. Roswell crash was covered up for more than 30 years. Then, in 1978, ufologist Stanton T. Friedman restarted the investigation behind the Roswell crash. From what he fond out about the crash showed us that the governments' cover-up was a fraud and we have all the proof we need. In the Roswell cover-up they stated that the debris they found was parts of a weather balloon. A year later they confessed that they lied about the weather balloon and that the debris was part of a secret government project called ?Project Mogul? which was planed to spy on the Russians just in case of a nuclear attack and that they had to cover-up for the security of the nation. The ?Project Mogul? could not be part of a secret government project that cost the government more than $5 million dollars. The project it self looks like someone put together a big balloon kite thing from household things, and our reports also mention 3 people confirming that the RAAF (Roswell Army Air Field) got instructions to bribe some soldiers to pretend that they were part of the construction of the ?Project Mogul?. Even fake files have been made to prove it. In total RAAF bribed 10 people (entire ?Project Mogul? staff was composed of only 10 people) but 3 people mysteriously disappeared, 2 people were shot dead proclaimed for going AWOL, 2 more people still refusing to cooperate from the fear of what the RAAF might do to them and only 3 cooperated knowing they would die from natural causes, so they confirmed that there was a UFO and some of the 500 first hand witnesses said that they saw ?little people? on the crash sight. The government said that the ?little people? were not people, or in that case aliens, but test dummies from ? Roswell Crash Government Coverup :: essays research papers Phenomena of the Roswell crash in 1947 July 8, is one the most famous incidences in our time, the reason we have computers, mobile phones, night vision goggles and Kevlar armor. All this was made possible within one year of the Roswell crash. Roswell crash was covered up for more than 30 years. Then, in 1978, ufologist Stanton T. Friedman restarted the investigation behind the Roswell crash. From what he fond out about the crash showed us that the governments' cover-up was a fraud and we have all the proof we need. In the Roswell cover-up they stated that the debris they found was parts of a weather balloon. A year later they confessed that they lied about the weather balloon and that the debris was part of a secret government project called ?Project Mogul? which was planed to spy on the Russians just in case of a nuclear attack and that they had to cover-up for the security of the nation. The ?Project Mogul? could not be part of a secret government project that cost the government more than $5 million dollars. The project it self looks like someone put together a big balloon kite thing from household things, and our reports also mention 3 people confirming that the RAAF (Roswell Army Air Field) got instructions to bribe some soldiers to pretend that they were part of the construction of the ?Project Mogul?. Even fake files have been made to prove it. In total RAAF bribed 10 people (entire ?Project Mogul? staff was composed of only 10 people) but 3 people mysteriously disappeared, 2 people were shot dead proclaimed for going AWOL, 2 more people still refusing to cooperate from the fear of what the RAAF might do to them and only 3 cooperated knowing they would die from natural causes, so they confirmed that there was a UFO and some of the 500 first hand witnesses said that they saw ?little people? on the crash sight. The government said that the ?little people? were not people, or in that case aliens, but test dummies from ?

Research on football Essay

Most people in Germany enjoy watching football on television or live in the stadium. Football is not only sport number one, but also the number one topic of conversation. Although it is so popular, many people, fans or not fans, discuss whether the football players are good value or not. So, is it fair that they earn so much more than others? Of course stars like Ronaldo, Zidane or Beckham, but also all the other professional football players have a high training intensity with a minimum of two trainings per day and additional duties like for example meetings with sponsors or fan clubs. Many of them are engaged in social organisations and do a lot for poor and disabled people. They do a lot for the money they get. On the basis of the high number of trainings and at least one game per week during the season means a high strain for the players. They get injured † often seriously † because of this high strain and the fact that their body is their capital. They have to give everything for the money, even their health. These are arguments why professional football players are good value. The training intensitiy, the strain, the injuries that result from the strain and of course the age lead to the realization that the players are not able to do their sport for such a long time. They need the money because they have to built reserves for their later life. The players deserve the money they get, for the clubs make huge profits with the player. Real Madrid for example expands – or at least wants to in the market of merchandising products in Asia because of the engagement of David Beckham. Madrid had to pay Ã'‚Ð’Ð ¼ 35 million, but experts say, that only the sell of the jersey with Beckham’s number brings at least Ã'‚Ð’Ð ¼ 50 million back to Madrid. So the club has great economic advantages. In the case of the most famous players, who are always in the spotlight, it is fair that they earn so much. They really have no private life because of their popularity. They are accompanied by photographers and journalists all the time and do not have a single moment for themselves or their families. They have to bear a lot. In the worst case, they are even blackmailed. â€Å"Nine people have been arrested in connection with an alleged conspiracy to kidnap Victoria Beckham and seek a 5m ransom. † This happened to David Beckham in 2002 and is an evidence for the great pressure the players have to stand. The money compensates them for this pressure. On the other hand you could say that the â€Å"work† of a football player can not be compared with the â€Å"real work† of a factory-worker or a manual worker. For the football player it is a hobby with a maximum of three to four hours of training per day, which is not too hard. For the factory-worker it is at least eight hours of hard physical work per day. You could also say that not only football players get injured. Manual workers can be seriously injured in their jobs too. They could fall down from a scaffolding and break their bones or Another fact is that professional football players get so much more than for example a professional handball player, although the handball player trains as often and as hard as the football player. He just gets more because football is the number one sport in Germany and not because he does so much more. Some people say that the stars bring a lot of money for their clubs or even a whole region. But many people criticize, that the players ( and not only the best ones)still get contracts, that guarantees them millions of euros, despite the fact that the current economic situation is not the best. The point that football players have no private life because of their celebrity and the permanent presence of media that is closely connected with it, could be invalidated by the fact that this happens only to the most popular players. â€Å"German football captain†¦ has had to tell his pregnant wife he had a mistress† wrote â€Å"The Mirror†. It is only interesting when the 34 year-old and very famous goalkeeper Oliver Kahn leaves his wife and his daughter for a 13 years younger party-girl, and not when an unknown player from Energie Cottbus does the same. So most of the players can still enjoy a calm private life and nevertheless get plenty of money. In this discussion you have to take into consideration, that football players have much more free time than anybody else. The worker has about 4 weeks holiday per year, while the season of a football player lasts only for about 7 months. That means that they have about 5 months holiday. Ironic people would say that they need so much money because they have so much time to give it out. The majority however, thinks, that it is just unfair with regard to the rest of the working people. So for both sides you can find several arguments. Everybody should decide for himself whether it is just that they earn so much or not. In my opinion it is not. â€Å"Beckham said he was delighted to be moving to Spain, though most people believe he’s delighted to be cashing cheques for Ã'‚Ð’Ð ¼ 6 million a year in salary. † That means he gets about 500,000 Ã'‚Ð’Ð ¼ per month, 125,000 Ã'‚Ð’Ð ¼ per week, 17,800 Ã'‚Ð’Ð ¼ per day and 740 Ã'‚Ð’Ð ¼ per hour. I think that is unfair with regard to the hard working people. Nobody is worth so much.

Copernicus Studies essays

Copernicus' Studies essays Nicholas Copernicus was never supposed to be a revolutionary in the field of revolutions. This Polish merchants son, groomed to be a church canon, was not the sort of man to be running around changing the world; he was not even published until near his death, in 1543. Copernicus had been preceded by over a thousand years of contentment with the universal model, as Europe had been riding Ptolemys system with the full support of the Catholic Church. Few people had given serious question to breaking Ptolemys crystal spheres; in fact, they were so firmly established as the methods by which planets revolved around the earth that Dante had written about them in his Divine Comedy and John Milton, several years later, wrote them into his epic, Paradise Lost. Copernicus himself was quite loyal to the precise, circular motion set in place by Aristotle; the major difference between his system and the Ptolemaic is that the Earth revolves around the Sun and turns on its own axis. Because of this, some believe that Copernicus was not a revolutionary thinker, but a thinker of revolutions (Henry, 10). However, Copernicus himself harbored beliefs other than that of the Catholic Church, and this would prove to be the driving force behind his overwhelming discoveries. He would eventually get the last laugh, as his discoveries launched the Scientific Revolution. Nicholas Copernicus was born in 1473 in Thorn on the Vistula. His father died early, but Nicholas was tutored and protected by his maternal uncle, Lukasz Watzenrode, who eventually became bishop of Ermeland (Sarton, 55). He studied at the Krakow Academy in Poland for four years, reading several astronomical texts under the tutelage of Albert Brudzewski, which was as good an astronomical education as was available anywhere (Sarton, 57). Copernicus may have been dissatisfied with the Ptolemaic model even before he arrived in Bologna. Copernicus went to B...

Thomas C. Kinkaid - World War II US Navy Admiral

Thomas C. Kinkaid - World War II US Navy Admiral Early Life Career Born in Hanover, NH on April 3, 1888, Thomas Cassin Kinkaid was the son of Thomas Wright Kinkaid and his wife Virginia. An officer in the US Navy, the elder Kinkaid saw service at the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts (now University of New Hampshire) until 1889 when he received a posting to USS Pinta. A sea-going tug, Pinta operated out of Sitka and the assignment saw the entire Kinkaid family move to Alaska. Subsequent orders forced the family to live in Philadelphia, Norfolk, and Annapolis before settling in Washington, DC. While in the capital, the younger Kinkaid attended Western High School before departing for a preparatory school. Eager to follow in his fathers path, he sought an appointment to the US Naval Academy from President Theodore Roosevelt. Granted, Kinkaid commenced his naval career as a midshipman in 1904. A standout on the crew team, Kinkaid participated in a training cruise aboard Admiral David G. Farraguts former flagship, USS Hartford while at Annapolis. A middling student, he graduated ranked 136th in the 201-man Class of 1908. Ordered to San Francisco, Kinkaid joined the battleship USS Nebraska and took part in the cruise of the Great White Fleet. Returning in 1909, Kinkaid took his ensigns exams in 1910, but failed navigation. As a result, he spent the remainder of the year as a midshipman and studied for a second attempt at the exam. During this time, a friend of his father, Commander William Sims, encouraged Kinkaids interest in gunnery while the two served aboard USS Minnesota. Retaking the navigation exam in December, Kinkaid passed and received his ensigns commission in February 1911. Pursuing his interest in gunnery, he attended the Naval Postgraduate School in 1913 with a focus in ordnance. During his time in school, the US Navy commenced the occupation of Veracruz. This military action led to Kinkaid being posted to USS Machias for service in the Caribbean. While there, he took part in the 1916 occupation of the Dominican Republic before returning to his studies that December. World War I With his instruction complete, Kinkaid reported aboard the new battleship USS Pennsylvania in July 1916. Serving as a gunfire spotter, he received a promotion to lieutenant the following January. Aboard Pennsylvania when the US entered World War I in April 1917, Kinkaid came ashore in November when he was ordered to oversee the delivery of a new rangefinder to the Royal Navys Grand Fleet. Traveling to Britain, he spent two months working with the British to develop improved optics and rangefinders. Arriving back in the US in January 1918, Kinkaid was promoted to lieutenant commander and posted to the battleship USS Arizona. He remained on board for the remainder of the conflict and took part in the ships efforts to cover the Greek occupation of Smyrna in May 1919. The next few years saw Kinkaid move between assignments afloat and ashore. During this time, he became an avid writer on naval topics and had several articles published in the Naval Institutes Proceedings. Interwar Years On November 11, 1924, Kinkaid received his first command when he took over the destroyer USS Isherwood. This assignment proved brief as he moved to the Naval Gun Factory in Washington, DC in July 1925. Elevated to commander the following year, he returned to sea as gunnery officer and aide to the Commander-in-Chief, US Fleet, Admiral Henry A. Wiley. A rising star, Kinkaid entered the Naval War College in 1929. Completing the course of study, he attended the Geneva Disarmament Conference as a naval adviser to the State Department. Departing Europe, Kinkaid became executive officer of USS Colorado in 1933. Later that year, he aided relief efforts after a severe earthquake struck the Long Beach, CA area. Promoted to captain in 1937, Kinkaid took command of the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis. Completing his tour aboard the cruiser, he assumed the post of naval attachà © in Rome, Italy in November 1938. His portfolio was expanded the following year to include Yugoslavia. War Approaches From this post, Kinkaid provided accurate reports regarding Italys intentions and preparedness for combat in the months leading up to World War II. Remaining in Italy until March 1941, he returned to the US and accepted the somewhat junior post of Commander, Destroyer Squadron 8 with the goal of garnering additional command experience in the hopes of achieving flag rank. These efforts proved successful as Kinkaid performed well and was promoted to rear admiral in August. Later that year, he received orders to relieve Rear Admiral Frank J. Fletcher as commander of Cruiser Division Six which was based at Pearl Harbor. Traveling west, Kinkaid did not reach Hawaii until after the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7. In the days that followed, Kinkaid observed Fletcher and took part in the attempted relief of Wake Island but did not assume command until December 29. War in the Pacific In May, Kinkaids cruisers served as the screening force for the carrier USS Lexington during the Battle of the Coral Sea. Though the carrier was lost in the fighting, Kinkaids efforts during the battle earned him the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. Detached after the Coral Sea, he led his ships north to rendezvous with Vice Admiral William Bull Halseys Task Force 16. Uniting with this force, Kinkaid later oversaw TF16s screen during the Battle of Midway in June. Later that summer, he assumed command of TF16, centered on the carrier USS Enterprise, despite lacking a background in naval aviation. Serving under Fletcher, Kinkaid led TF16 during the invasion of Guadalcanal and the Battle of the Eastern Solomons. In the course of the latter battle, Enterprise sustained three bomb hits which necessitated a return to Pearl Harbor for repairs. Awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal for his efforts, Kinkaid recommended that American carriers carry more fighter aircraft to aid in their defense. Returning to the Solomons in October, Kinkaid oversaw the American carriers during the Battle of Santa Cruz. In the fighting, Enterprise was damaged and USS Hornet was sunk. A tactical defeat, he was blamed by the fleets aviation officers for the carriers loss. On January 4, 1943, Kinkaid moved north to become Commander, North Pacific Force. Tasked with retaking the Aleutians from the Japanese, he overcame complicated inter-service command relationships to accomplish the mission. Liberating Attu in May, Kinkaid received a promotion to vice admiral in June. The success on Attu was followed by landings on Kiska in August. Coming ashore, Kinkaids men found that the enemy had abandoned the island. In November, Kinkaid received command of the Seventh Fleet and was appointed Commander Allied Naval Forces, Southwest Pacific Area. In this latter role, he reported to General Douglas MacArthur. A politically difficult position, Kinkaid was appointed due to his success at fostering inter-servic e cooperation in the Aleutians. MacArthurs Navy Working with MacArthur, Kinkaid assisted in the generals campaign along the northern coast of New Guinea. This saw Allied forces conduct over thirty-five amphibious operations. After Allied forces landed in the Admiralty Islands in early 1944, MacArthur began planning for a return to the Philippines at Leyte. For the operation against Leyte, Kinkaids Seventh Fleet received reinforcements from Admiral Chester W. Nimitzs US Pacific Fleet. In addition, Nimitz directed Halseys Third Fleet, which included the carriers of Vice Admiral Marc Mitschers TF38, to support the effort. While Kinkaid oversaw the assault and landings, Halseys ships were to provide cover from Japanese naval forces. In the resulting Battle of Leyte Gulf on October 23-26, confusion arose between the two naval commanders when Halsey moved away in pursuit of a Japanese carrier force. Unaware that the Halsey was out of position, Kinkaid focused his forces to the south and defeated a Japanese force at the Surigao Strait on the night of October 24/25. Later that day, elements of the Seventh Fleet came under heavy attack by Japanese surface forces led by Vice-Admiral Takeo Kurita. In a desperate action off Samar, Kinkaids ships held off the enemy until Kurita elected to withdraw. With the victory at Leyte, Kinkaids fleet continued to assist MacArthur as he campaigned through the Philippines. In January 1945, his ships covered Allied landings at Lingayen Gulf on Luzon and he received a promotion to admiral on April 3. That summer, Kinkaids fleet supported Allied efforts on Borneo. With the end of the war in August, Seventh Fleet landed troops in China and Korea. Returning to the United States, Kinkaid assumed command of the Eastern Sea Frontier and sat on a retirement board with Halsey, Mitscher, Spruance, and Admiral John Towers. In 1947, with the support of MacArthur, he received the Army Distinguished Service Medal in recognition of his efforts to aid the generals advance through New Guinea and the Philippines. Later Life Retiring on April 30, 1950, Kinkaid remained engaged by serving as the naval representative to the National Security Training Commission for six years. Active with the American Battle Monuments Commission, he attended the dedication of numerous American cemeteries in Europe and the Pacific. Kinkaid died at Bethesda Naval Hospital on November 17, 1972, and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery four days later. Selected Sources World War II Database: Admiral Thomas C. KinkaidUSNHHC: Admiral Thomas C. KinkaidArlington Cemetery: Thomas C. Kinkaid

Liberal Art Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Liberal Art Studies - Essay Example Perhaps in more authoritarian societies using cunning and deceit are necessary to rise out of poverty, but one would hope that in a free society that although using the end to justify immoral means may give a person wealth, it will damage their souls and lead to negative consequences in the end. In this sense, the liberal arts are important because they serve as a guide for moral and ethical behavior and show that one’s duty to the state and their fellow man is rewarding in many ways, even economically. This essay will focus on the importance of the liberal arts in modern as well as ancient times through the writings of Kimball, Shorris, Sullivan, Cicero, and Machiavelli. Additionally, the essay will focus on the problems that arise when what is viewed as modern realism is pitted against traditional moral idealism. The liberal arts can certainly have a positive effect on professional life. The liberal arts teach of things like ethics and integrity. Shorris believes that humani ties does function on its own, but does not have its full effect unless it is integrated into professional life (2000). The ancient Greeks also believed it was essential to the welfare of the state that humanities and public life function together. Morals are generally inherent in any professional career. Being a professional carries with it a responsibility to clients, communities, and society in general. This social contract is the basis of professionalism. Therefore it is important that professionals exercise moral judgment in their professional careers. Because a professional is confronted with moral dilemmas, a liberal education is something that is very useful to society in general. A liberal education teaches us about morals and can be seen as something that makes a person’s professional career more rewarding when it is fully guided by ethical principles. Many people feel that a job is just a job and is a means to an end, but the study of liberal arts tell us that a pe rson and their job can’t be completely separated. In other words, a person influences the job and the job influences the person. Because of this, it is important to realize that a job, or making money, can often impose moral decisions upon the professional. Also, a person who is very immoral and unethical can use their job as a means to lie, cheat, and steal from others. Sullivan believes that, at its best, a profession can provide an important benefit to the individual as well as to society as a whole. However, at its worst, a profession can strip a person of their ethics and their humanity (2004). Using this definition he illustrates that professionalism is headed down a dangerous road as more and more people feel that economic ambition is the only thing that matters and things like loyalty and social responsibility are being thrown by the wayside. Sullivan also believes that society is in danger of simply training people instead of educating them and explains that this cou ld lead to people only using one small part of their brain. Often certain professionals are only focused on the technical aspect of their career and do not regard anything else as important. This type of person may be doing their job but they are not engaged in examining their lives and therefore it is difficult for them to achieve a truly fulfilled working life. The study of liberal arts is something that is capable of making a person’s everyday life better because it can take a person out of their

Reflection paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Reflection paper - Essay Example I read many medical terms while completing this activity. The words or abbreviations were PRN, vaccine, injection, body surface area, means and extremes, milliequivalent , proportion and ratio. These five steps could be used in various problem solving situations, for example they remind you to ask questions when help is needed. They also reminded to do what needs to be done and that I should show initiative and be a team player. Dealing with Medical math this observational serve introduced me to some Pediatric considerations in dealing with medications and where Medical Math is used. Here are some of the various formulas that are used for calculating dosages for children. They are Young’s Rule, Clark’s Rule, Fried’s Rule and Body surface area. I also learned the Five Rules for Medication Administration and they are right dose, right time, right route, right medication, and the right patient. I learned the routes of administration as well and they are enteral, percutaneous, and parenteral. (Christensen, p.395) This assignment of doing an observational serve would be good for a Medical Math course for it gave me practical knowledge and practice using my math skills, for example means and extremes. It also gave me a chance to show what I can do in a Pediatric type office. I found out that I liked working with the children. This observational serve showed me how to use the various problem solving skills in an academic way along with dealing with social issues when I was reading to the children and some of them were afraid and I read a children’s book about visiting the doctor’s