Thursday, January 30, 2020

Was in my final year at high-school Essay Example for Free

Was in my final year at high-school Essay I was in my final year at high-school. I was only seventeen and the pressure of knowing that the outcome of school results would determine my whole life ahead finally got to me. I snapped. One day, in the absence of my parents, I ran away from home, hoping never to return. This was the turning point in my life. With an incomplete education on one hand, I was a lost soul, unaware of what to do or where to go. I ran into a group of people who claimed they could assist me out of this dark web I was now tangled in. They introduced me to drugs. Dosed with pills of heroin and cocaine, my life was tumbling downhill like a snowball, only gathering wrong as it rolled. It was those times where I was not even aware of what I was doing until I slept and then craved for more of the vile drugs I had already once ingested. I was a rogue who lived by my wits in a corrupt society. I had no contact with my real family and over time, these people became my new family. They led me to commit a chain of robberies, homicidal attacks a chain of crimes. Day by day, I became a wanted criminal. No conscience made me look back; I was not overshadowed by my guilt. It was only a matter of time before I was caught and sentenced to nineteen years of imprisonment. The words of Gregory David Roberts described my situation as I felt it- I was a revolutionary who lost his ideals in heroin, a philosopher who lost his integrity in crime and a poet who lost his soul in a maximum-security prison. Two years in jail and I escaped in broad daylight and took asylum in the jhopadis of Dharavi in Mumbai. I got involved in the mafia and started a business of smuggling guns and ammunition and counterfeiting money. The money I earned was enough to pay off any heart fancying a call to the police. I was a notoriously known figure now, and probably the most wanted person in the whole of the country. Everyday I met new people interested in my business. One day to my surprise a female entrepreneur came to my office. She was gorgeous and from the moment I set my eyes on her I fell in love with her. She helped my business for six months and became a close part of my life until finally she betrayed me to the police. It seemed she was involved with them and did this for a sum of money. I was imprisoned again. It was here that I was chained beaten, stabbed and starved. I was at constant war with myself. Should I have done what I did? But it did not matter now. My companions lost sanity while I kept my nerve. I buried them and their lives into my own as it was only with their help that I was still alive. I realized through the pain and sufferings within, that even in my brutal, gory helplessness, I was still free- to hate those who were torturing me, or to forgive them. It may not have been everything but in times like those, it was all I but and it seemed like a whirlpool of possibilities. This hardest choice I thought, could determine where I may end up next and I chose to forgive. Time flew by and the nineteen years of torture soon ended. I thought and reflected upon my half-life as it began back in high-school. I thought of what I could have been- a better human being. Pondering over the thought that a life wasted is not worth living, I realized that it was time to turn over a new leaf. I penned my experiences and memories in an autobiography to ensure that young adults would make the right choices in life and would not fall in the same trap as I did. My book- Realization- as it is titled is a guide for youngsters today and has earned me fame. My life has changed ever since. Life now seems beautiful. I regret having ruined a long part of, what could have been, a fabulous journey throughout. It was an expensive realization

Wednesday, January 22, 2020

Use of Humor in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare

Use of Humor in Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare's most famous plays. One, could give many reasons as to why this play became such a huge success, but one of the most important reasons could be the use of humour in the play. The main reason for doing this could be to relieve the tensions in the play, and to entertain and keep the Elizabethan audience interested. Humour plays a very significant part in the play as it allows Shakespeare to create a lot of contrasts and moods, as and when he wants to. In Romeo and Juliet humour occurs in three forms. The first being, humour by the use of puns, irony and jokes. The second being through the actions of characters and by their behaviour and the third by the incidents of the play. Shakespeare uses characters like Mercutio and the Nurse to bring out the comical element of the play, and each character does this in a different way. One of Shakespeare's tools used to evoke humour is the mockery that is aimed at a particular character. Some of the funniest moments are when one character is sarcastic to another. One of the best examples of this is when Capulet asks Lady Capulet for a sword and she replies "A crutch, a crutch! Why call you for a sword?" In this line the mockery of Capulet is obvious and appealing to the audience as it is direct. Shakespeare is known to be fond of puns and uses them quite regularly but he doesn't use them as often as the Elizabethan audience expected him to. Shakespeare starts of the play with a lot of humour, with the conversation between Sampson and Gregory, both of them using a lot of puns. This type of punning, for example on the words "coals," "collier," " choler," "collar", goes on till the end of the play. The Elizabethan audience used to like puns and hence although Shakespeare has used many vulgar puns, it still has a positive effect on the popularity of the play. Although in the Act I Scene 1 there is a fight between the families the humour in the scene makes us forget the seriousness of the fight.

Tuesday, January 14, 2020

Policy Analysis: Free Speech and Social Media

Free speech is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution. The founding fathers believed the freedom of the citizenry to question and publicly scorn the government to be of such importance, it was their first order of business. Such speech is not absent limits and some fail to understand what the First Amendment prohibits. The protections for individuals include the language; Congress shall make no law that abridges free speech.Certainly case law has provided some examples of unprotected speech to Include statements that would cause public terror such as oiling â€Å"fire† In a theater, harassing statements, disturbance of another's peace, and statements In the workplace that could create a hostile work environment (Van Broccoli, 2011). Because the founding fathers left the First Amendment vague, the Congress, through legislation, and the courts through legal decisions have defined certain speech as unprotected. Important differences exist between the speech of a ci tizen and the speech of an employee.Even more disparity exists between employees who work in private industry than employees of the government. Technology available wrought social media and the ability to communicate internationally in seconds has created a whole new arena for employees and employers (Van Broccoli, 2011). Private Employees versus Public Employees Substantial differences exist between private employers and governmental employees. Essentially, free speech protections do not extend to employees of private businesses.Although free speech In the workplace Is restricted, laws related to â€Å"whistle blower† protections and certain protected classes of people persist. Furthermore, the National Labor Relations Act (ANAL) protects employees from an employer interfering with an employee's fertilization regarding work conditions, supervisors, and the organization. These same protections do not apply to government Jobs, such as municipal police departments. It is import ant to understand that these protections are not founded in the First Amendment, but in statutes, contracts, case law, and policies and procedures (Van Broccoli, 2011).Public employees enjoy some protections related to the First Amendment, however these are limited. Case law has carved out a three prong test which is continually being applied to new cases before the courts. The three-prong test applies to oral and written communications, photographic depictions, videos, music, and performing arts. The following prongs of the test determine whether or not the officers speech Is protected by the First Amendment: 1. The speech must touch on a matter of public concern 2. The speech must be made as a citizen, not as part of the officers official duties 3.The speech must address an issue of public interest, and the officers interest must outweigh the agencies interest in promoting and maintaining efficient operations (Baker, 2011). Public Concern Typically, the public is not interested in the inner-workings of police agency. Issues surrounding promotions, advancements, or displeasure with the bosses is not a matter of public interest. For example, in Iconic v. Myers an assistant district attorney circulated a letter inquiring about employees morale and work conditions.The assistant district attorney was fired for his communique and the Supreme Court upheld his termination. In City of San Diego v. Roe a police officer was claiming to be expressing free speech by masturbating on a website and selling police memorabilia. The officer was ordered to cease and desist, yet he maintained the web-site that had depicted San Diego Police Department uniforms. Again, the Supreme Court ruled that his speech was of no interest to the public at large (Van Broccoli, 2011).Official Capacity versus Private Citizen This prong of the test is more difficult to apply. Often police officers believe they are acting as a citizen, when in fact, the opposite is true. Speech related to the offi cers official duties is not protected. In Cigarette v Caballeros, a deputy district attorney reviewed an affidavit used by police to secure a search warrant. Deputy District Attorney Caballeros found misrepresentations that he brought to his supervisor. The supervisor removed the deputy from the case and the case went forward.Caballeros testified for the defense and was reassigned to another division and denied a promotion. Caballeros claimed his speech was protected and sued. The Supreme Court ruled that although honorable, his speech was the result of his professional responsibilities as a prosecutor and therefore not the speech of a private citizen (Van Broccoli, 2011). Other cases have illustrated this nexus, including a sergeant in charge of a argotic unit who brought to light wrong doings of his subordinates. Not only was he told to work harmoniously, he was threatened with transfer.When he resigned and sued, the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals again reaffirmed his speech was not that of a private citizen, but the product of his employment (Van Broccoli, 2011). Notoriety, such as an officer who is regularly on the news may place that officer in an official capacity more than other officers (Baker, 2011). Promoting and Maintaining Efficiency The Supreme Court has ruled that even if the officer's speech was related to an issue of public concern, and the officer was acting as a citizen, the interests of the officer will be weighed against the department's interests.This prong was discussed in Nixon v. City of Houston (Van Broccoli, 2011). Nixon, a Houston Police Officer, authored opinion columns in local publications. Although he never identified himself as a Houston Police officer, he regularly mentioned that he was a police officer and wrote about Houston Police activities and policies as well as his activities. His columns contained offensive remarks about minorities, citizen groups, women and the homeless. Although off-duty and not calming to De a Houston Police emcee, en was eventually terminated Tort tans Ana other incidents.Nixon claimed that his speech was protected, yet the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the Houston Police Departments interests in protecting their relationship with the community outweighed his interests (Van Broccoli, 2011) . The Policy Because of issues previously discussed, criminal Justice agencies have been forced to adopt new policies related to social media. These policies are derived from case law and legislative action and must comply with labor agreements.Because freedom of speech is a Constitutional issue, individual cases will continue to be determined on their merit within the three-prong test. Police agencies should be encouraged to draft social media policies and educate employees in the nuances of free speech and the acceptable uses of social media. Currently the Washoe County Sheriffs Office does not have a social media policy, although a new policy update is being formulated to addres s the deficiency (Washoe County Sheriff, 2011). Conclusion The public has little sympathy for police officers who use their trusted role to elate policy.On the other hand, the public has little interest in the daily politics of a police organization. Where police officers fail, and expose their department to embarrassment, are cases in which they post inappropriate materiel for public view. Such examples are widespread and include police officers posting Faceable photographs in uniform pointing guns at their heads, a police officer who shot a man 11 times then posted comments about how he would rather be emptying his guns than cleaning them, and a police officer with a bikini-clad girl leaned over his patrol ar (Wilson, 2011).

Sunday, January 5, 2020

A Look At Wal Marts Green Logistics Business Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1994 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Logistics Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Introduction Logistics, being a sub division of the supply chain, is essentially the organisation and coordination of the stream of goods and services from a distributor to the consumer. Logistics consists of various procedures before reaching the consumer, including; transportation, availability of stock, material handling, storage of goods in warehouse, quality control and packaging. All these events are vital to successful logistics. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Look At Wal Marts Green Logistics Business Essay" essay for you Create order Logistics are wholly based around meeting customer requirements by providing quality goods and services, both time and financially efficiently. Transportation in a logistics system is the conveying of goods and services from one site to another. There are various means of transport including road, rail, air, water. Trucks, vans, aeroplanes and trains use transport infrastructure to operate on. Transportation plays a key role in logistics as raw materials or finished goods and services are transported inbound and outbound. Transport costs and contracts are negotiated amongst companies and suppliers to organise transportation for merchandises. Contracts are taken out with raw material suppliers to transport this material to the company and also with another source to transport the finished goods out of the companys warehouse to retailers. Before any material is transported, mode of transport, routes and schedules are made and planned so transporters know what exactly what and when t hings should be taken. Also it guarantees that delivery will be done from the company to the consumers, in turn making them satisfied and building customer relations for future needs. Stock is an asset that is invested by a company which will normally be sold later on to consumers directly or to retailers. Normally stock is purchased in bulk and stored in a factory respectively. The exact number of items/stock needs to be known by a company on their shelves and storage facilities so more orders can be placed or to manage losses. Factory managers need to identify the number of units of commodities available for customer orders. All companies depend on their stock count to provide for retailers and consumers. Normally companies count their inventory/stock levels quite often to avoid shortages of supplies, especially trendy ones. They also check their stocks to insure that the number of goods purchased are equivalent to the definite quantity of items counted physically. Stock is best purchase in a JIT (just in time) basis so that goods can be transported to retailers as soon as possible without delay or so that they dont get expired just sitting in the warehouse or get damaged by other means. Warehouse A warehouse is fundamentally a building for storing purchased stock/inventory. These can be owned privately or taken out on rent for the public. Warehouses are used by importers, exporters, manufacturers or wholesalers. Warehouses usually have loading ports to load and unload merchandises from transport vehicles. These warehouses are normally widely open and can be separated into sections, segregating different products. Goods are organised efficiently so they can be handled with ease when it is time for transportation. Merchandises are usually stacked on crates and very high heights so that space is used effectively. Material handling Material handling is defined as the control and movement of products in a warehouse for rearrangement or distr ibution for outbound transportation. Mechanical handling devices such as forklifts and cranes are used to physically handle and arrange goods in the warehouse very effectively. Material handling equipment in general increases output, control costs, and maximizes productivity. This is mainly because a lot of time is saved due to machines handling merchandises, ultimately resulting in making time for other procedures and simultaneously cutting costs. Packaging Packaging involves the closure and protection of finished goods for storage or distribution to retailers for sale. The purpose of packaging can vary from simply protecting the good from debris when transporting to destinations or for promotion purposes by the seller, by means of printing logos and designs on the item. Packaging can also give instructions to people who transport the goods and services such as where and when it has to go. It can also give instructions to vendors on how and what to sell and consumers on how t o utilise the product. Green Logistics Due to the rise of economic, social and environmental concerns today, a more sustainable approach to logistics needs to be investigated. Green logistics is a system of logistics which is designed to be environmentally friendly, socially welcoming and finally economically serviceable. Green logistics started expanding since the 1980s amongst companies who were interested in ways of satisfying consumers. Because logistics revolves around the shifting of merchandises from being raw materials to finished goods, green logistics plays a very important role. Green logistics definitely focuses on satisfying consumer needs by providing them with reasonable goods at the most reasonable market value. Numerous methods can be useful in order to cut companys overall costs by going green and still remain competitive in the trading market. By mending and altering the various parts of logistics including transportation, availability of stock, material handling, storage of goods in warehouse, qua lity control and packaging having green logistics is possible. When manufacturing goods to be environmentally friendly, it can also turn out to have economic effects. For instance, if a retailer who sells high quality laptops was to make his products greener, they could reduce the use of materials used to produce smaller compact laptops, therefore dropping transport rates. On the other hand, doing this and making the product environmentally friendly can possibly further add to costs making it impractical. Social matters are a big issue as well because social impacts of goods and services will also have an influence on consumers. If for example, a company sells fuel efficient/electrically operated cars, but refuses to pay the workers minimum wage and not treat them well, consumers will take action on this company. Consumers can discontinue contact and purchases from the company, even though the goods and services are environmentally beneficial. Companys need to take into account t he well being of their customers, by providing them with right merchandises. This being green products that are beneficial of use making them socially satisfied. Green Transportation Transportation is used very commonly for distribution of goods and mostly done having a negative consequence on the environment. This is mainly due to high amounts of unnecessary carbon dioxide emissions from very large transport vehicles. Some environmental constraints that are to be considered for the sustainability of transportation are air and noise pollution. These types of environmental effects essentially, are very influential on how a company will operate. When vehicles release harmful gases into the atmosphere, people argue that air pollution causes damage to the ozone layer and leads to an increase in the number of children with asthma. Using renewable resources, such as CNG or electricity to power transport vehicles definitely helps the environment in many ways. Firstly there will be co nsiderably less pollution and greenhouse gas emissions released as not many fossil fuels are utilised, resulting in a cleaner atmosphere. Another benefit of using electricity for transport vehicles is because there is considerably less spent in fuel costs. Because diesel and gasoline are at a substantial peak these days, stretching the fuel as far as possible makes excellent economic logic. Awareness of the use of renewable energy is increasing due to the fact that fossil fuels are being used very fast and because people are worried about the way burning fossil fuels damages the environment. (e.g. the greenhouse effect and acid rain). Noise pollution can be created by the transportation of goods and can disrupt peoples lives that have to put up with the noise. Road transport accounts for seventy percent of the total noise emissions by transportation. Noise pollution from large vehicles is socially unsustainable and can have and influence on peoples health and mood. To resolve noi se pollution, vehicles delivering goods should take other routes where people wont be disturbed and also use vehicles that dont make a lot of unnecessary noise. Renewable energy prevents pollution and helps prevent climate change. New technologies arent always completely environmentally-friendly, so they have to be planned carefully. Wal-Mart In the year 2000, Lee Scott took over Wal-Mart from founder Sam Walton and had an innovative business strategy of creating logistic systems to be friendlier to the economy. Having green logistics essentially means to implement procedures that are based around environmental, social and economic issues. Because Wal-Mart is an international company Lee Scott was to take into consideration the alterations and reputation of the company. This idea was evaluated to being a magnificent idea as care for the environment was taken and at the same time Wal-Mart wont suffer in the loss of profits. Lee Scott supplied an example of environmental sustainability, by improving fuel mileage effectiveness by just one mile per 4 litres on their delivery vehicles; $52 million per year could be saved. This simple calculation motivated Lee Scott to further imply sustainable changes to products and services Wal-Mart has to offer. Ambitious Goals In 2005, Lee Scott delivered a presentation to over 1.5 million employees and all of the suppliers announcing Wal-Marts new approach to sustainable development to make a positive change in the company. He also wanted Wal-Mart to have a positive influence on the environment, so on the whole it will be the most economical and pioneering company in the world. During this speech, Lee Scott highlighted the three most important and highly ambitious aspirations. The information is given from Heying and Sanzero (2009) This included: 1. Be supplied 100 percent by renewable energy in the very near future 2. Create zero waste 3. Sell products that sustain Wal-Marts resources and the environment These goals set by the CEO were very promising and would change the company positively forever. These were the three utter most important goals; however there were other goals in mind as well including: 1. Reduce greenhouse gases by 20 percent in 7 years 2. Reduce energy use at stores by 30 percent in 7 years 3. Cut solid waste from U.S. stores and Sams Clubs by 25 percent in three years. 4. Buying diesel-electric and refrigerated trucks with a power unit that kept cargo cold without the engine running, saving nearly $75 million in fuel costs and eliminating an estimated 400,000 tons of CO2 pollution in one year alone 5. Promising by 2011 to only carry seafood certified wild by the Marine Stewardship Council, a group dedicated to preventing the depletion of ocean life from overfishing. All these goals are important for the future well being and growth of Wal-Mart, should these go according to plan and are implemented well. Wal-Mart will be a huge sustainable company that cares for peoples social needs, the environment and positive economic growth by implementing these decisions. Consumers will definitely be satisfied when trading and purchasing with this company. There are arguments against the reliability and implementation of the goals mentioned above. Many critics argue that this new approach is unrealistic and the high inevitable initial costs are not worth the investment. If the number of suppliers is limited then high costs will be a guarantee. In order for Wal-Mart to be successful, they will have to be innovative and at the same time remaining a positive environmental and economic impact. Green logistics is a very healthy choice companies can make and can have a long term beneficial response from the economy. Humans very much rely on the worlds minimum natural resources and fossil fuels to live and need to be responsible for the preservation of these things. If the transportation system in a logistics organisation develops with high regards to healthy sustainability, a company can gain competitive gain by distinction from a non-green corporation. Improving efficiency is another major benefit for transport vehicles which in turn does less damage to the environment, cutting long term costs and therefore saving profit. Having green logistics sets an optimistic illus tration for the company, which enhances morale and reputation. Making other companies aware of the benefits to go green is essential as they will look up to you and will follow in the same manner.

Saturday, December 28, 2019

Career Development - 1174 Words

When goal setting, you can sit on the sideline or you can play in the game. I personally prefer to play in the game. That is what goal setting allows us to do. It enables us to create our life instead of letting life be something that just happens to us. Career interest continually changes in a person s life. By defining my career objective, possible career objectives for my future, taking an inventory in my current career attributes, and identifying what makes me happy and barriers to reaching my career goals, I will develop a five-year career development plan. When I was younger, I measured my success by how much money I made. More recently, I measure my success by a balance between my work life and the amount of quality family time†¦show more content†¦One of my goals now, is to obtain the needed education and knowledge to be a great manager. I am currently observing my own strengths and weaknesses to be more efficient in my career. There are fifty associates that directly report to me and their busiest days are on the weekend. I am learning that I need to empower them to make some of their own decisions and many are in need of additional training. However, because I am only as successful as the weakest sales associate on my team, I must tune my personnel skills and educate myself further, so I am properly able to lead my team, allowing no weak link to be found in the team I lead. Therefore, successful staffing, training, motivating and monitoring are the short term goals I have set for my self. An alternative to my current career choice is to become the Director of Sales and it seems to be within my reach. However, for me the most important goal I have currently set is to have a greater balance between my family and my career. I have taken on a huge responsibility and walked into a changing real estate market. Therefore, in review of my current career goals, time constraints seem to be the largest obstacle I must currently overcome. Whereas other barriers I face are the growing needs of my family as my children grow up and the never ending struggle to spend more time at home with them and my husband. I am still observing, but now I am observing upper management and how much of their time is spent on work. IShow MoreRelatedCareer Progression And The Career Development795 Words   |  4 Pagesplanning. But career progression and the ability find a job that doesn’t feel like work requires meticulous research and focus. In this guide, we’ll explain career progression and the reasons why it’s so important. We’ll provide a four-step plan to help you develop a plan that guarantees you don’t feel left behind when it comes to achieving your career goals. What is career progression? The concept of career progressing is closely tied to the idea of career development. 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Friday, December 20, 2019

Hamlet - Rouge and Peasant Slave Solo Analysis Essay

In one of Hamlets most well known soliloquies, Rouge and peasant slave, the character Hamlet first introduces his extreme internal conflict. The soliloquy takes place after the ghost of his father has presented him with the order of avenging his murder by killing his own uncle, the same uncle who inherited the throne and wedded his very own mother. However, Hamlet still remains uncertain about holding the ghost credible, so he devised a plan. He asks actors to perform a murderous play, which he describes to them. The plot of the play mirrors the story the ghost had told him. His plan is that when the king sees the play, he will know someone is on to him, and under extreme stress, eventually reveal his mis-doings. The soliloquy†¦show more content†¦Next, the allusion to Hecuba is very important. Hecuba was a Trojan queen of classical age mythology. Earlier in the scene Hamlet had asked an actor to act out a monologue in which the actor analyzed Hecubas response to the death of her husband, King Priam. The actor told us that Hecubas grief was great and profound. This allusion foils the emotions of Gertrude, Hamlets mother, who seemingly does not mourn her deceased husband at all. The fact that Shakespeare chooses to allude toward Hecubas experience shows the importance of Gertrudes lack of emotion and the impact it has on Hamlet. This example also provides reason for the growing mental instability within Hamlet. Hamlet continues to compare himself to this actor, and says that if he were in the actors place, he would Make mad the guilty, and appal the free, confound the ignorant, and amaze indeed. This is a description of the goal of Hamlets plan. If true, it would force the king into insanity and confession, disgust the important members of society who trusted and supported the king, and shock everyone at the same time. Because Hamlet is now visualizing the theatrical attack on the king, it is obvious which side of decision he is leaning t owards, it also shows the hatred Hamlet has for the king and his determination to bring the king down. Next his uncertainty shines again as he questions himself. Am I a coward? TheShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Origins and History of The Dulcimer Essay Example For Students

Origins and History of The Dulcimer Essay Origins and History of The DulcimerThe dulcimer is a member of the string family. It is further categorized intothe Psaltrey family, a group of instruments that are comprised of stringsstretched across a frame and played by plucking or drumming. The onlydifference, in fact, between the dulcimer and the psaltrey is the fact that oneis plucked and the other is drummed. The dulcimer family is divided into twosections. The dulcimers with keys and dulcimers without keys. A dulcimer withkeys would be played by depressing a key which would move a mechanism that wouldcause a hammer to strike the string. The most improved instrument in the keyeddulcimer section is the piano. Dulcimers that are played without the aid of akey are usually in the unusual shape of a trapezoid. Early descriptions of thisinstrument, dating back to the Middle Ages, describe the instrument as arectangular box with strings stretched over two bridges. Both the single and thedouble bridged dulcimers are common in traditi onal Irish music. It is played bystriking the strings with padded wooden hammer. It is commonly believed that the dulcimer came to Europe from the East sometimein the fifteenth century. This cannot be true. The dulcimer is closely relatedto the yang chin from China. However, the yang chin was introduced to theChinese around 1800. A similar traditional dulcimer found its way to Korea inabout 1725. The dulcimer originated as the santir in what is now Iraq from aGreek instrument, the psalterion. The santir was a trapeziodal box covered withstrings. It was played by striking the strings with light sticks. From therethe Arabs carried the santir through North Africa where it was integrated intothe Jewish culture. From North Africa it was taken to Spain, for a carving wasdiscovered in the cathedral Santiago de Compostela, dated 1184. It is unknownwhy the Irish make mention of the timpan, a generic term for any member of thepsaltrey family, being used by St. Patrick in the 6th century, six hundred yearsearlier than the dulcimers first introduction into Spain from North A frica. Dulcimers gained popularity from the churches and cathedrals throughout the 14thcentury. But in the 16th century, as the violin and wind instruments becameincreasingly fashionable, the dulcimer virtually disappeared. For the next twohundred years it went unnoticed. In 1705 Pantaleon Hebenstreit presented theFrench King Louis XIV with a slightly revised dulcimer. Hebenstreit built alarger sound chamber and used strings of gut and wire to span five octaves. Hehoped to revolutionize the dulcimer and its capacities. Sadly, the instrumentwas not highly accepted, for the reverberation created in the larger soundchamber made the performance of rapid passages impossible, and the longerstrings were harder to keep in tune. Again the dulcimer lay dormant. Although the dulcimer escaped the Western orchestral music, it was acceptedamongst the folk musicians of places like Ireland. It has really only gainedpopularity in the past fifteen years, although it has been a member of someIrish ensembles throughout history. Music and Movies